FIGURE 5.

The mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) was assessed by JC-1 staining. Green JC-1 monomers indicate depolarized MMP, while red JC-1 dimer indicates normal MMP. Merged panel represents colocalization between red dimer and green monomer fluorescence. (A) JC-1 staining in untreated DAergic-like neurons, DAergic-like neurons treated with 500 μM MPP⁺, DAergic-like neurons with 1 μg/ml of HS pretreatment, followed by 500 μM MPP⁺. (B) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence between red and green in each group as measured by microplate reader. Data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) **P < 0.01, in comparison with the untreated group. ^###P < 0.001, in comparison with the MPP⁺-treated group.