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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020 Jul 18;85(2):e13297. doi: 10.1111/aji.13297

Figure 1: Placenta extracellular vesicle (EV) production/release and their downstream effects.

Figure 1:

Many factors, including hypoxia, infection, and toxins influence the production of EVs. These factors influence their cargo including mRNA, microRNA, proteins, protein aggregates and lipids. The biogenesis of these vesicles also determine their cell surface markers. These include, but are not limited to cell surface molecules such as CD63, CD9, CD81, tumor susceptibility 101 (TSG101), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). There are numerous downstream effects, including changes in gene expression in target cells, immune activation/suppression, invasion/migration, autophagy, angiogenesis and ER stress.