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. 2020 Dec 21;11:573562. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573562

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Copyright © 2020 Tran, Klein, Arlt, Imm, Knappe, Simmons, Rosenstiel and Seibler

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Example of adult tissue-derived organoids (here: small intestine); IEC, intestinal epithelial cells; ISC, intestinal stem cell. (B) Overview of stem cell- and (tumour) tissue-derived in vitro models (selection); iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells. (C) Overview of co-culture systems (simplified selection): (1) apical-out model of intestinal organoids for host-microbe-interaction studies, (2) 3D co-culture systems of immune cells with organoids, e.g., T cells/intestinal organoids and microglia/brain organoids, (3) 2D co-culture systems with a polarized organoid monolayer with either immune cell (basal interface) or microbe (apical interface).