Table 1.

circRNAs involved in parental gene expression

Mechanistic classification	circRNA	Parental gene	Mechanism	References
Transcriptional regulation	circEIF3J circPAIP2	EIF3J PAIP2	interact with RNA Pol II and U1 snRNA	8
	ci-ankrd52	ANKRD52	interacts with elongation RNA Pol II	9
	sisR-4	dpn	activates an intronic enhancer	15
	circ-HuR	HuR	interacts with transcriptional factor CNBP	24
	FECR1	FLI1	induces DNA demethylation in the promoter	25
	circITGA7	ITGA7	suppresses the transcriptional factor RREB1	26
	circ-DAB1	DAB1	upregulates the transcriptional factor RBPJ	27
	circ-STAT3	STAT3	upregulates the transcriptional factor Gli2	28
Splicing regulation	circMbl	MBL	competes with linear mRNA splicing	29
	circSEP3	SEP3	favors alternative splicing of SEP3 mRNA	30
ceRNA	circ-Sirt1	SIRT1	sponges miR-132/212	16
	circ-ENO1	ENO1	sponges miR-22-3p	17
	cTFRC	TFRC	sponges miR-107	31
	circFBLIM1	FBLIM1	sponges miR-346	32
	circGFRA1	GFRA1	sponges miR-34a	33
	circAmotl1	Amotl1	sponges miR-485-5p	34
	circ-VANGL1	VANGL1	sponges miR-605-3p	35
	cir-ITCH	ITCH	sponges miR-7 and miR-20a	36
	circSMO742	SMO	sponges miR-338-3p	37
	circ-AKT1	AKT1	sponges miR-942-5p	38
	circ-TFF1	TFF1	sponges miR-326	39
mRNA trap	HIPK2/3 circRNAs	HIPK2/3	sequester ATG translation start site	4
	circular Fmn	Fmn	sequesters 5′ UTR exons	40
	dystrophin exonic circRNAs	dystrophin	lead to inactive dystrophin transcripts	41
Translational regulation	circ-Dnmt1	Dnmt1	promotes nuclear translocation of AUF1	18
	circYap	Yap	competitively interacts with eIF4G and PABP	42
	circPABPN1	PABPN1	competitively interacts with HuR	43
	circ-MMP9	MMP9	competitively interacts with AUF1	44
Post-translational regulation	circFBXW7	FBXW7	encodes the FBXW7-185aa protein	45
	circ-SPHRH	SPHRH	encodes the SHPRH-146aa protein	46
	circβ-catenin	β-catenin	encodes the β-catenin-370aa protein	47
	circ-AKT3	AKT3	encodes the AKT3-174aa protein	48