Table 2. Daily energy intake as well as macronutrient and micronutrient intake of participants in the cross-sectional RBVD study by diet, based on three-day weighed food records without taking supplement use into account.

Parameter	Vegans	Omnivores	p	D-A-CH recommen- dation*
Energy (kcal)	2 270 (1 800–2 762)	2 386 (2 081–2 737)	0.32
Dietary fiber (g)	46 (34–56)	24 (19–30)	<0.0001
Protein (g)	72 (55–92)	86 (71–107)	0.02
Carbohydrates (g)	259 (212–371)	230 (199–291)	0.12
Sugar (g)	54 (37–69)	47 (35–69)	0.48
Fat (g)	86 (64–111)	104 (88–143)	0.004
Vitamins (mg)
Retinol equ (µg)	1 841 (1 161–2 609)	1 390 (1 020–1 910)	0.20
Vitamin B12 (µg)	0.29 (0.14–0.85)	5.22 (4.15–7.96)	<0.0001	3.0
Vitamin D (µg)	0.94 (0.29–1.85)	2.53 (1.86–4.29)	<0.0001	20
Folate (µg)	446 (311–607)	296 (249–343)	0.0005	300
Vitamin B1	1.72 (1.26–2.05)	1.28 (1.09–1.68)	0.049	F: 1.0 M: 1.2
Vitamin B2	1.47 (0.96–2.11)	1.98 (1.56–2.26)	0.01	F: 1.0–1.1 M: 1.3–1.4
Vitamin B3	14.2 (11.6–19.4)	17.7 (14.4–22.3)	0.02	12–14
Vitamin B6	2.22 (1.68–2.69)	1.75 (1.41–2.08)	0.02	1.2–1.5
Vitamin C	173 (108–276)	131 (98–174)	0.12	95–110
Vitamin E	25.9 (16.1–37.6)	13.4 (11.1–18.6)	<0.0001	12–14
Vitamin K	0.27 (0.17–0.43)	0.10 (0.07–0.18)	<0.0001	0.06–0.08
Pantothenic acid	4.35 (3.46–5.65)	5.21 (4.30–6.99)	0.02	6
Minerals (mg)
Calcium	899 (650–1 257)	1 049 (822–1 457)	0.04	1 000
Zinc	11.4 (8.8–13.4)	12.3 (10.2–16.3)	0.046	7–10
Iodine	0.08 (0.05–0.10)	0.12 (0.08–0.17)	0.002	0.15–0.18
Iron	22.0 (15.5–26.4)	14.0 (11.5–17.0)	0.0001	10–15

All values as median and interquartile range (Q1–Q3), p values according to Mann–Whitney U test.

*D-A-CH reference value: common reference values of the specialist societies of the three D-A-CH countries (Germany [D], Austria [A], and Switzerland [CH])

F, women; M, men