eTable 4. Overview of the most relevant studies on macronutrient and micronutrient intake and on the status of macronutrients and micronutrients in the blood of vegans and omnivores.
| Study characteristics | Results macronutrient and micronutrient intake (vegans compared to omnivores) | ||||||
| Higher intake | Lower intake | No difference | |||||
| Clarys et al. (2014) (15) | |||||||
| Country: | Belgium | Dietary fiberIron | Alcohol Calcium Cholesterol Energy (kcal) MUFA | ProteinPUFA Salt SFA Total fat | Carbohydrates Sugar | ||
| Vegans/omnivores: | n = 104 / n = 155 | ||||||
| Design: | Cross-sectional | ||||||
| Survey method: | FFQ | ||||||
| Kristensen et al. (2015) (17) | |||||||
| Country: | Denmark | Dietary fiberIron Energy (kJ)* 2 Folate Potassium Magnesium PUFA | SaltVitamin B1 Vitamin B6 Vitamin C Vitamin E | Beta-carotenoidsCalcium Cholesterol Iodine Carbohydrates*1 MUFA Phosphate Proteins Selenium SFA | Total fatTrans fatty acids Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3 Vitamin D Zinc Sugar | Energy (kJ)*1Carbohydrates*2 | |
| Vegans/omnivores: | n = 70 / n = 1257 | ||||||
| Design: | Cross-sectional | ||||||
| Survey method: | 4-day weighed food protocol | ||||||
| Schüpbach et al. (2017 (18) | |||||||
| Country: | Switzerland | Dietary fiberIron Folic acid Potassium Carbohydrates Magnesium Pantothenic acid | PUFAVitamin B1 Vitamin B6 Vitamin C Vitamin E equ. Sugar | CalciumCholesterol Protein SFA Vitamin B12 Vitamin D | Chlorine Energy (kcal) MUFA Sodium Phosphorus Retinol equ. | Total fatVitamin B2 Vitamin B3 Zinc | |
| Vegans/omnivores: | n = 53 / n = 100 | ||||||
| Design: | Cross-sectional | ||||||
| Survey method: | 3-day weighed food protocol | ||||||
| Elorinne et al. (2016) (16) | |||||||
| Country: | Finnland | Dietary fiberIron Folate Carbohydrates | CholesterolProteins Selenium SFA Vitamin B12 | Vitamin B2Vitamin B3 Vitamin D Zinc | Beta-carotenoidsCalcium Energy (MJ) MUFA PUFA | Total fatVitamin A Vitamin B1 Vitamin C Vitamin E | |
| Vegans/omnivores: | n = 22 / n = 19 | ||||||
| Design: | Cross-sectional | ||||||
| Survey method: | 3-day weighed food protocol | ||||||
| Allès et al. (2017) (14) | |||||||
| Country: | France | Dietary fiberIron Folate Iodine Potassium Carbohydrates Copper Magnesium | Manganese MUFA PUFA Vitamin A Vitamin B1 Vitamin B6 Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin K | Alcohol Calcium Cholesterol Sodium Phosphate Proteins Selenium | SFATotal fat Vitamin B12 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3 Vitamin D Zinc | Pantothenic acid | |
| Vegans/omnivores: | n = 789 / n = 90664 | ||||||
| Design: | Cross-sectional | ||||||
| Survey method: | 3-day weighed food protocol | ||||||
| Study characteristics | Results macronutrient and micronutrient intake (vegans compared to omnivores) | ||||||
| Increased levels | Reduced levels | No difference | |||||
| Schüpbach et al. (2017) (18) | |||||||
| Country: | Switzerland | FolateMagnesium Vitamin B1 Vitamin C | Iodine (urine)Niacin Vitamin A Vitamin E | Zinc | Beta-carotenoidsBiotin Ferritin Pantothenic acid | SeleniumVitamin B12 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B6 | |
| Vegans/omnivores: | n = 53 / n = 100 | ||||||
| Design: | Cross-sectional | ||||||
| Elorinne et al. (2016) (16) | |||||||
| Country: | Finnland | DaidzeinFerulic acid Genistein Caffeic acid | Vanillic acid | Beta-carotenoidsCholesterol Ferritin Iodine (urine) | SeleniumVitamin B12 Vitamin D Vitamin E | Folate Homocysteine | |
| Vegans/omnivores: | n = 22 / n = 19 | ||||||
| Design: | Cross-sectional | ||||||
*1 in females;*2 in males
FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids