Table 4.
List of Plant Species Used as Medicinal Purposes by Rakhine People in the Study Area.
| Scientific name, (Vouchers), Family | Common name (English name) | Rakhine name | Local name (Bengali name) | Habit | Part used | Ailments | Preparation and use | Number of informants citing species (n) | Citation frequency (%) | Conservation (IUCN) status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Justicia adhatoda L. (BUH-R01) Acanthaceae |
Malabar Nut | Marhugri; Bosa | Basok | Shrub | Leaf, Root | Diabetes, Fever, Jaundice | For the treatment of diabetes, 50 gm of fresh roots are boiled and mixed with 125 ml of cow’s milk and given orally once a day. In addition, leaf juice is eaten to cure fever and jaundice. | 9 | 21.95 | NE |
|
Achyranthes aspera L. (BUH-R02) Amaranthaceae |
Chaff-flower | Cingchida; Chaim-per-on | Apang | Herb | Root | Diarrhea, dysentery, cholera | The juice is firstly extracted from the roots and then used in combination with the juice extracted from the roots of Urena lobata and the bark of Psidium guajava is used to treat cholera, dysentery and diarrhea. | 11 | 26.82 | NE |
|
Allium sativum L. (BUH-R03) Amaryllidaceae |
Garlic | Korechonfru; Kasamphru | Rasun | Herb | Bulb | Hair fall, gastric, cough, high blood pressure, leprosy | Bulb paste applied on the head to prevent hair fall. The bulb is eaten after a meal to treat Gastric; Cough is cured by mixing leaf paste with cow’s or goat’s milk, heating slightly in a steel plate and drinking 1 teaspoon twice a day for 4 to 5 days. Garlic is eaten with hot rice to control high blood pressure. Leaf paste is used for 3 months to cure leprosy. | 17 | 41.46 | NE |
|
Mangifera indica L. (BUH-R04) Anacardiaceae |
Mango | Srepen; Sarabam | Amm | Tree | Leaf, Root | Dental problem, Mouth wash, Skin irritations, Frightened child | A mouthwash made from the leaves to treat dental problems. Leaf paste is also used to cure skin irritation. When the children are scared, a piece of root is tied with a thread around the neck of the frightened child. | 13 | 31.7 | DD |
|
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (BUH-R05) Apiaceae |
Asiatic pennywort | Mekhro; Mrukhu | Thankuni | Herb | Leaf | Adult malnutrition | One spoon leaves extract and 2 teaspoon honey is taken orally. | 15 | 36.58 | LC |
|
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (BUH-R06) Apocynaceae |
French-cotton | Morhuroy; Muhurong | Akondo | Shrub | Leaf | Catarrh, rheumatic pain, toothache | The leaf paste is made and mixed with salt and used for inhalation in catarrh. The leaves are warmed and then these warm leaves are applied externally twice a day to treat rheumatic pain. Latex of this plant is applied on the painful tooth. | 7 | 17.07 | NE |
|
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don (BUH-R07) Apocynaceae |
Cape periwinkle | Sagusonga | Nayantara | Shrub | Leaf | Jaundice, diabetes, malaria, dengue fever | In the treatment of dengue fever, malarial fever and diabetes, prepared leaf extract is mixed with camphor and the patient is instructed to take 1 teaspoon twice daily. | 14 | 34.14 | NE |
|
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (BUH-R08) Apocynaceae |
Devil’s tree | Silema | Chattim | Tree | Bark | Continuous fever, malaria | About 250 gm bark is boiled in 1 liter of water for 60-90 minutes and the resulting decoction is taken with 2 teaspoons at 3 times in daily (morning, afternoon, and night) for 3-4 days. | 13 | 31.7 | LC |
|
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (BUH-R09) Araceae |
Taro | Pring | Kochu | Herb | Leaf, petiole | Wounds | Plant sap is directly used to treat wounds. | 29 | 70.73 | LC |
|
Borassus flabellifer L. (BUH-R10) Arecaceae |
Palmyra Palm | Thanben | Taal | Tree | Leaf | Fat reducer | One pinch leaf ash took with 1 glass boiled rice starch after the meal. | 9 | 21.95 | NE |
|
Cocos nucifera L. (BUH-R11) Arecaceae |
Coconut | Uningbeng; Unchi; Unn-sthei |
Narikel | Tree | Root, fruit (seed oil) | Ringworm, Eczema, Stomach-ache, Rheumatism and back pains | Powdered naptheline dissolved in coconut oil applied to the infected region. Root and rice diffused water taken orally to treat stomach-ache. Treatment of rheumatism and back pain is massaged externally with coconut oil. | 13 | 31.7 | NE |
|
Nypa fruticans Wurmb (BUH-R12) Arecaceae |
Nipa Palm | Riu | Golpata | Shrub | Young shoots, Inflorescence | Toothache, headache | Ash of burned nipa material against toothache and headache. Sugary sap from fluorescence is used to making alcoholic beverages, syrup, sugar, and vinegar. | 15 | 36.58 | LC |
|
Areca catechu L. (BUH-R13) Arecaceae |
Betel Palm | Kuachibaowng | Supari | Tree | Root, seed | Diarrhea, dysentery, and malaria | To prevent diarrhea, chew the roots and make juice and take 2 teaspoons twice a day. In addition, seeds are used in the treatment of malaria and dysentery. | 17 | 41.46 | NE |
|
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (BUH-R14) Asphodelaceae |
Aloe Vera | Kolodru; Kala daru |
Ghrito- kumari |
Herb | Leaf | Skin disease | Leaf paste is used externally on the skin for various types of dermatitis. | 21 | 51.21 | NE |
|
Mikania micrantha Kunth (BUH-R15) Asteraceae |
Bitter vine | Annagnoi | Riot lota | Herb | Leaf | Stomach aches, malarial fever, eczema, wounds | Leaf juice is taken orally to cure stomach problems and to cure malarial fever. In addition, leaf sap is used externally to treat eczema and wound healing. | 27 | 65.85 | NE |
|
Eclipta prostrata L. (BUH-R16) Asteaceae |
False daisy | Naipong | Kesuti, Kesraj |
Herb | Leaf | Malaria, indigestion, ulcer | Half teaspoon of leaf juice is mixed with honey and taken thrice daily till cure as a remedy for malaria, indigestion, and ulcer. | 23 | 56.09 | LC |
|
Xanthium indicum DC. (BUH-R17) Asteraceae |
Rough cocklebur | Fangepay | Hagra | Herb | Leaf, root | Malaria, rheumatism, tuberculosis | Leaf extract is taken orally in the treatment of Malaria, rheumatism, and tuberculosis. | 13 | 31.7 | NE |
|
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (BUH-R18) Bromeliaceae |
Pineapple | Nandachi, Nendasa |
Anaras | Herb | Leaf, fruit | Stomach pain, indigestion | Leaf extract is taken 1 cup to prevent stomach pain instantly and 1 cup twice daily for indigestion. | 31 | 75.6 | NE |
|
Heliotropium indicum L. (BUH-R19) Boraginaceae |
Indian heliotrope | Chau | Hatisur | Herb | Whole plant | Thrush, diarrhea, diabetes, venereal diseases | A decoction of entire plants is utilized to treat thrush, loose bowels, diabetes, venereal malady, and frequent excretion of urine. | 19 | 46.34 | NE |
|
Carica papaya L. (BUH-R20) Caricaceae |
Papaya | Tempuji; Ptega | Pepe | Evergreen tree | Fruit, leaf | Diarrhea, dengue | Leaves and unripe fruit are eaten orally and taken inside the body internally in the treatment of digestive disorders, diarrhea. Leaf juice is taken orally to cure dengue fever until it is completely healed. | 25 | 60.97 | DD |
|
Garcinia cowa Roxb. (BUH-R21) Clusiaceae |
Cowa fruit | Ciyoti | Kau Phol | Tree | Fruits | Dysentery | Fruits are taken internally for the treatment of dysentery. | 23 | 56.09 | NE |
|
Terminalia catappa L. (BUH-R22) Combretaceae |
Indian Almond | Laiseben | Kanth badam | Tree | Leaf | High blood pressure | Leaf is made into a paste and shaped the pill and taken thrice in a day after meal. | 16 | 39.02 | LC |
|
Terminalia chebula Retz. (BUH-R23) Combretaceae |
Black Myrobalan | Fongkhoci; Tamada | Horitoki | Tree | Fruit | Digestive problems, constipation | The fruit is used internally to treat constipation and digestive disorders. | 17 | 41.46 | NE |
|
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. (BUH-R24) Combretaceae |
Arjuna | Tama | Arjun | Tree | Leaf, bark | Scabies, itching | The treatment of scabies and itching is done by boiling the leaves and bark and taking a bath with this warm water for 3 consecutive days. | 26 | 63.41 | NE |
|
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (BUH-R25) Convolvulaceae |
Swamp Morning Glory |
Koyenja; Conzoye |
Kolmi | Herb | Leaf, stem | Diabetes, ringworm | Young shoots taken orally to treat diabetics. Paste made from buds is used to treat ringworm. | 19 | 46.34 | LC |
|
Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. (BUH-R26) Crassulaceae |
Life plant | Royechaopembao; Raikkapombom | Pathorkuchi | Herb | Leaf | Stomach ache, constipation, kidney stone | Chewing the green leaves. Leaf extract, toddy sugar, and potash alum took orally. | 26 | 63.41 | NE |
|
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (BUH-R27) Cucurbitaceae |
Ivy Gourd | Kemuben; Kamui-apang |
Telakucha | Climber | Leaf, apical stem | Diabetes | One spoon leaf extract or 6 to 7 leaves taken orally every morning for 1 month helps in controlling diabetes. | 15 | 36.58 | NE |
|
Momordica charantia L. (BUH-R28) Cucurbitaceae |
Balsam-apple | Tit korola | Korolla | Climber | Leaf | Cuts and wounds | Glue of the leaves is utilized as a disinfectant and applied as a poultice on cuts and wounds. | 27 | 65.85 | NE |
|
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (BUH-R29) Cuscutaceae |
Dodder | Jigro | Swarnalata | Herb | Stem | Jaundice | In the treatment of jaundice, 2 teaspoons of juice got from the squashed stem are taken orally twice every day for 3-4 days. | 12 | 26.26 | NE |
|
Dillenia indica L. (BUH-R30) Dilleniaceae |
Elephant Apple | Debropay; Dabroti |
Chalta | Tree | Bark, fruit | Thrush, coughs | Bark is used as a mouthwash to treat thrush; Fruits are taken internally to treat abdominal disorders. The combination of fruit juice and sugar are used against coughs. | 14 | 34.14 | LC |
|
Euphorbia hirta L. (BUH-R31) Euphorbiaceae |
Asthma Weed | Dudhia | Dudhia | Herb | Whole plant | Bronchitis, asthma, hay fever, emphysem, coughs | The entire plant is decocted and utilized in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, feed fever, hay fever, coughs, and colds. | 19 | 46.34 | NE |
|
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (BUH-R32) Fabaceae |
Siris Tree | Kaucoben | Siris tree | Tree | Bark | Septisemia | Half spoon powdered bark is taken after meal once per day. | 13 | 31.7 | NE |
|
Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. (BUH-R33) Fabaceae |
Raintree | Chanben; Kammorsung |
Raintree | Tree | Leaf | Insomnia, malaria | To get rid of insomnia, 1 cup of leaf extract is taken daily for 3 to 4 days. 1 kg leaves boiled in 2-liter water and finally make 1litre infusion then taken 3 spoons in the morning before the breakfast to treat malaria. | 16 | 39.02 | NE |
|
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile (BUH-R34) Fabaceae |
Gum arabic tree | Liaben | Babla | Tree | Bark, leaf | Diarrhea, dysentery | Leaf and barks are boiled in the water and then this slightly warmed water is taken to treat diarrhea and dysentery. | 18 | 43.9 | LC |
|
Mimosa pudica L. (BUH-R35) Fabaceae |
Sensitive Plant | Repa; Shraprem |
Lozzaboti | Herb | Root, leaf | Wet dream, jaundice, and boils | Cuttings root in 1 breathe at Saturday / Tuesday and put in emulate and wear in the waist. The paste of leaves taken for treating Jaundice and boils. | 25 | 60.97 | LC |
|
Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (BUH-R36) Fabaceae |
Red Sandalwood | Nanchani | Rokto chandan | Tree | Wood | Skin disease, headache | Paste prepared from wood and applied externally as a cooling application to boils, skin inflammatory, swollen limbs, ophthalmic, headache and sore eyes. | 11 | 26.82 | NT |
|
Cassia fistula L. (BUH-R37) Fabaceae |
Golden Shower | Mumgbum | Sonalu, Badorlathi |
Tree | Ripe pods | Diabetes, dysentery, malaria | Pods are used as a remedy of malaria, diabetes, and dysentery. | 17 | 41.46 | LC |
|
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (BUH-R38) Fabaceae |
Ringworm Bush | Daud | Dadmardan | Shrub | Leaf, bark | Skin diseases | A paste made from bark and extract of leaves are used to treat various skin diseases such as ringworms, scabies, eczema and parasitic skin diseases. | 15 | 36.58 | LC |
|
Tamarindus indica L. (BUH-R39) Fabaceae |
Tamarind | Tatu | Tentul | Tree | Leaf | Menstruation | Two tea spoonful’s of leaf juice is taken 2 times in a day and proceeded for 7-8 days to forestall unnecessary feminine cycle (menstruation). | 19 | 46.34 | LC |
|
Clitoria ternatea L. (BUH-R40) Fabaceae |
Butterfly pea | Aowmabeowabong | Oporajita | Herb | Flower | Cough | Flower extract is taken twice or thrice daily to cure cough. | 16 | 39.02 | NE |
|
Erythrina variegata L. (BUH-R41) Fabaceae |
Coral Bean | Kachaipan | Pania Mandar | Tree | Leaf, bark, flower | Liver complex, cough | An infusion of the bark is utilized in the medication of liver ailments and to induce sleep. The flowers decoction is used to soothe coughs. | 18 | 43.9 | LC |
|
Lathyrus sativus L. (BUH-R42) Fabaceae |
Chickling Pea | Taowa | Khesari dal | Herb | Seed | Eczema, allergy | 250 gm seeds are boiled in water with 4-5 leaves of Datura metel in a pot until the water dries up and obtained juice from the dried portion. 4 drops of juice drunk orally twice in a day on an empty stomach for 3 weeks. | 31.7 | NE | |
|
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (BUH-R43) Lamiaceae |
Glory Tree | Khaukhau; Go-mokha | Vatt | Shrub | Leaf | Helminthiasis, night fever | 2-3 raw leaves are taken directly once before breakfast in the morning and once at night after suppers for 3 days. | 17 | 41.46 | NE |
|
Mentha piperita L. (BUH-R44) Lamiaceae |
Peppermint | Proy | Pudina | Herb | Leaf | Tooth pain | Leaf paste, rock salt, and potash alum mixed in a ratio of 2:1:2 to make mixer and then applied on teeth gum. | 21 | 51.21 | NE |
|
Vitex negundo L. (BUH-R45) Lamiaceae |
Chinese chaste tree | Soyamvhonroi | Nishinda | Leaf | Leaf | Malaria, dysentery | The leaf is used as preventative medicine for malaria; Also used in the treatment of bacterial dysentery. |
13 | 31.7 | LC |
|
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (BUH-R46) Lamiaceae |
Holy basil | Numbuli | Tulshi | Herb | Leaf | Coughs, cold | One to 2 teaspoons of leaf extract mixed with honey is taken twice daily to treat cough. | 24 | 58.53 | NE |
|
Ocimum basilicum L. (BUH-R47) Lamiaceae |
Sweet Basil | Numbuli | Babui tulsi | Herb | Leaf | Coughs | Half cup leaf juice is taken orally in the first part of the day and night to relieve from cough. | 27 | 65.85 | NE |
|
Leucas aspera Link (BUH-R48) Lamiaceae |
Leucas | Chuai-konae | Swetadrone | Herb | Leaf | Body pain | Internally leaf juice is consumed for pain or inflammation inside the body. Dried leaf powder is taken through the nose to prevent bleeding from wounds or sores in the nose. | 23 | 56.09 | NE |
|
Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz (BUH-R49) Lecythidaceae |
Fish poison tree; Sea poison tree |
Cheche | Samudra hizal | Tree | Seed | Coughs | One seed grinded with honey to make a paste and taken orally thrice per day after meal. | 26 | 63.41 | LC |
|
Lawsonia inermis L. (BUH-R50) Lecythidaceae |
Henna | Dabang | Mehedi | Shrub | Leaf | Leprosy, wounds, ulcers, and herpes | The leaves are used externally to treat various dermatitis diseases including leprosy such as ulcers, wounds, and herpes. | 28 | 68.29 | NE |
|
Punica granatum L. (BUH-R51) Lythraceae |
Pomegranate | Dalongroy | Dalim | Shrub | Leaf | Piles | 4-5 raw leaves chewed in a day. | 11 | 26.82 | LC |
|
Bombax ceiba L. (BUH-R52) Malvaceae |
Red Silk Cotton Tree |
Lepaiben | Shimul | Tree | Bark, root | Ringworm, physical weakness | The bark is boiled in water and rubbed into paste then applied to the wounded region. The young root is eaten as an energy source. | 29 | 70.73 | LC |
|
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (BUH-R53) Malvaceae |
Chinese hibiscus | Nepe | Jaba ful | Shrub | Flower | Menstruation | Flowers are used to promote irregular menstruation. | 26 | 63.41 | NE |
|
Abroma augustum (L.) L.f. (BUH-R54) Malvaceae |
Cotton Abroma | Tongkangja | Ulothkombal | Shrub | Leaf | Diabetes | Boiled leaf extract is taken in as a treatment to diabetes. | 18 | 43.9 | NE |
|
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (BUH-R55) Meliaceae |
Neem | Tamabe; Tamma |
Neem | Tree | Leaf, root | Chickenpox, high blood pressure, and gastritis | Boiled leaf extract used during a bath as a treatment to chickenpox. Half cup of root extract is taken 2 to 3 times in a day until the chicken pox is healed. In addition, root extract is also taken for the treatment of hypertension and gastritis. | 23 | 56.09 | LC |
|
Stephania japonica Miers (BUH-R56) Menispermaceae |
Snake Vine | Chilenfoi | Thanda manic | Climber | Leaf | Migraine | Leaf paste applied on carbuncle; Paste is also applied on the forehead to reduce migraines. | 9 | 21.95 | NE |
|
Tinospora cordifolia Miers (BUH-R57) Menispermaceae |
Heart-leaved moonseed |
Sensomanoi | Guloncho | Herb, climber | Stem, root | Diarrhea and dysentery, urinary disease (Meho) | Extracts of root and stem are used for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves are eaten to treat urinary disease (Meho). | 17 | 41.46 | NE |
|
Ficus benghalensis L. (BUH-R58) Moraceae |
Banyan | Nyaung motesate | Bot gach | Tree | Leaf, BARK | Dysentery, diarrhea | The leaves are used to remedy of dysentery and diarrhea. | 12 | 29.26 | NE |
|
Moringa oleifera Lam. (BUH-R59) Moringaceae |
Horseradish Tree | Dendalum | Sazina | Tree | Leaf, root | Asthma | Young leaves are taken internally to increase the milk flow in nursing mothers; Root juice is used internally in the treatment of asthma, enlarged spleen and liver, bladder, and kidney stones. | 22 | 53.65 | NE |
|
Musa paradisiaca L. (BUH-R60) Musaceae |
Banana | Ghaatpyawsee; Kela | Kola | Shrub | Fruits | Diarrhea | Unripe fruits and their sap are eaten, as a treatment for diarrhea. | 25 | 60.97 | NE |
|
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (BUH-R61) Myrtaceae |
Indian black-berry | Cha-briishi | Jam, Kalojam |
Tree | Seeds | Diabetes, dysentery | Dried and powdered seeds are made into tablets. Two tablets are taken daily till cure. | 21 | 51.21 | LC |
|
Psidium guajava L. (BUH-R62) Myrtaceae |
Guava | Goyabay; Goiom-bong |
Peyara | Tree | Leaf, fruits | Dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes | Leaves and fruits are used as a cure for diarrhea and dysentery. Water from soaking the fruit is used to treat diabetes. | 19 | 46.34 | LC |
|
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (BUH-R63) Myrtaceae |
Clove | Liliniye | Lobongo | Tree | Fruits | Stomach upsets, chills, and impotence | Clove can be boiled in hot water and drunk regularly as a tea to treat stomach parasites, stomach upsets, colds and impotence. | 18 | 43.9 | NE |
|
Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (BUH-R64) Myrtaceae |
Rose apple | Jaimbuk tabri | Jamrul, Golapjam |
Tree | Leaf | Body pain, rheumatic pain, muscle pain, urinary problems | The leaf paste is applied to the sore spot to relieve the pain. The leaves are also boiled in water to get relief from urination. | 15 | 36.58 | LC |
|
Boerhavia diffusa L. (BUH-R65) Nyctaginaceae |
Spreading Hogweed |
Perunoa | Punarnava | Herb | Leaf | Jaundice | In the treatment of jaundice, leaf decoction is taken internally and in the treatment of snake venom is used as an antidote. | 14 | 34.14 | NE |
|
Oxalis corniculata L. (BUH-R66) Oxalidaceae |
Yellow Sorrel | Menojchabi; Kamduahung |
Amrul | Herb | Whole plant | Influenza, fever, enteritis, diarrhea | The whole plant parts is used in the form of juice and taken orally to treat influenza, fever, enteritis, diarrhea, and poisonous snake bites. | 26 | 63.41 | NE |
|
Phyllanthus emblica L. (BUH-R67) Phyllanthaceae |
Emblic / Amla | Gefruci; Sesathe; Chele-chibong | Amloki | Shrub | Fruits | Distaste | Powdered fruit (excluding seed) is taken orally half spoon per day. | 25 | 60.97 | NE |
|
Piper betle L. (BUH-R68) Piperaceae |
Betel Pepper | Poa | Pann | Herb, climber | Leaf | Wounds, ulcers, boils, bruises, Diabetics | Bettle leaves are extracted and taken orally once time per day for 3 months to treat diabetics. In the treatment of wounds, boils, ulcers, and bruises, leaf is used. | 27 | 65.85 | NE |
|
Piper nigrum L. (BUH-R69) Piperaceae |
Black pepper | Noroketibe | Golmorich | Shrub | Seed | Gastric, indigestion | In the treatment of gastric and indigestion seeds are taken internally. It is taken orally to relieve nausea due to food poisoning, stomach chills, dysentery, cholera, diarrhea, and cold. | 16 | 39.02 | NE |
|
Peperomia pellucida Kunth (BUH-R70) Piperaceae |
Man to mam | Chasherrow | Luchipata | Herb | Leaf, stem | Bronchitis, asthma gout, headache | In the treatment of gout, arthritis, bronchitis, headache and asthma, leaf is used. | 10 | 24.39 | NE |
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (BUH-R71) Poaceae |
Bermuda grass | Seray | Durba gash | Herb | Whole plant | Cut and wound, bleeding during menstruation | The leaves are crushed and applied to minor wounds to stop bleeding as a styptic. Juice prepared from the whole plant parts and 15 gm is taken internally twice per day to reduce excess bleeding during menstruation. | 25 | 60.97 | NE |
|
Nigella sativa L. (BUH-R72) Ranunculaceae |
Black Cumin | Sembanece; Kaillazera |
Kalozira | Herb | Seed | Headache, rheumatic pains, asthma, and coughs. | Ripe seeds are used to treat headache, rheumatic pains, asthma, and coughs. Seeds are beneficial for the digestive system. | 12 | 29.26 | NE |
|
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (BUH-R73) Ranunculaceae |
Indian Jujube | Jikrao; Zebai |
Boroi | Tree | Root | Wounds, ulcers | Powder made from the leaves is applied externally to the wound site to heal old wounds and is used internally to treat ulcers. | 13 | 31.7 | NE |
|
Aegle marmelos Corrêa (BUH-R74) Rutaceae |
Golden apple | Araici; Orai-si-apang |
Bael | Tree | Leaf, fruit | Dysentery, vomiting | In the treatment of dysentery, a paste made of about 100 grams of leaves is mixed well with a cup of water and taken internally once a day for 3 days. A glass of juice prepared from the fruit is immediately drunk to prevent vomiting. | 31 | 75.6 | NE |
|
Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. (BUH-R75) Rutaceae |
Lemon | Chemfraji; Kowazi |
Lebu | Shrub | Fruit | Malaria, scurvy | Fruits are eaten in treating malaria and other fevers. An ounce of lemon is given each day to prevent scurvy. |
14 | 34.14 | NE |
|
Citrus grandis Osbeck (BUH-R76) Rutaceae |
Pomelo | Kauchi | Jambura | Tree | Leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds | Coughs, fevers, and gastric disorders | Leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds are used internally to treat coughs, fevers, and gastric disorders. | 16 | 39.02 | NE |
|
Datura metel L. (BUH-R77) Solanaceae |
Thorn Apple | Pathainchunchen; Row-shan-they |
Dutra | Herb | Leaf | Arthritis | Leaf paste is mixed with kerosene and salt and applied externally to the affected pain region. Fitkiri (potash alum) mixed with leaf paste is used for polish in the swelling area after injection. | 11 | 26.82 | NE |
|
Nicotiana tabacum L. (BUH-R78) Solanaceae |
Tobacco | Chi | Tamak | Herb | Leaf | Gangrene | Powdered leaf applied to the wounded region. | 7 | 17.07 | NE |
|
Solanum torvum Sw. (BUH-R79) Solanaceae |
Turkey berry | Tit bayun | Tit Begun | Herb | Leaves and fruits | Fever, wounds, tooth decay, reproductive problems, and arterial hypertension. | Leaf extracts are used to treat wounds, fever, tooth decay, arterial hypertension and reproductive problems. | 18 | 43.9 | NE |
|
Solanum lycopersicum L. (BUH-R80) Solanaceae |
Tomato | Khorobaiyon | Tomato | Herb | Leaf | Tuberculosis | In the treatment of tuberculosis, half a cup of leaf extract mixed with sugar is taken twice a day. | 16 | 39.02 | NE |
|
Cissus quadrangularis L. (BUH-R81) Vitaceae |
Devil’s Backbone | Zejonglasa | Harjora | Climber | Root, leaf | Fractured bones | Powder made from the root is applied to heal broken bones and injured ligaments and tendons. | 28 | 68.29 | NE |
|
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (BUH-R82) Zingiberaceae |
Ginger | Senn | Ada | Herb | Root, rhizome | Indigestion, colds, coughs, influenza | The root of this plant is taken internally to prevent nausea. Root extracts and paste is also used for the treatment of colds, influenza, coughs, indigestion, shortness of breath, chills and peripheral blood circulation. | 29 | 70.73 | DD |
|
Curcuma amada Roxb. (BUH-R83) Zingiberaceae |
Mango Ginger | Cheifusi | Aam Ada | Herb | Root (bulb) | Indigestion, skin wounds | The bulb is taken internally to treat digestive problems such as wind, stomach pain, indigestion, appetite, constipation, colic, bad breath, and loss of hiccups. The bulb of this plant is also used in the treatment for coughs and other chest complaints like as bronchitis. Moreover, in the treatment of wounds, bruises, sprains and ulcers, the mashed or grated root is applied externally on the skin. | 22 | 53.65 | NE |
|
Curcuma aromatica Salisb. (BUH-R84) Zingiberaceae |
Wild Turmeric; Wild Ginger |
Falau | Shoti | Herb | Rhizome | Jaundice | Rhizomes are steamed or boiled after drying and grinded into powder and eaten orally to treat jaundice. | 18 | 43.9 | NE |
|
Elettaria cardamomum Maton (BUH-R85) Zingiberaceae |
Cardamom | Alachi | Elachi | Shrub | Fruit, seed | Indigestion | In the treatment of indigestion, seeds are taken internally. | 17 | 41.46 | NE |
|
Curcuma longa L. (BUH-R86) Zingiberaceae |
Turmeric | Noyeging | Holud | Herb | Rhizome | Digestive problem, skin complaints, jaundice, liver disease, menstrual problem, rheumatism, cough, and tuberculosis. | Rhizome is taken internally in the treatment of digestive and skin complaints, poor circulation, uterine tumors, jaundice, liver disease, menstrual problems, rheumatism, and to relieve cough and tuberculosis. Externally, the rhizome is used to treat a range of skin conditions including itch, insect bites, small injuries, sores and ringworm. The powdered rhizome is used in a treatment for sores and rashes in infants. | 21 | 51.21 | DD |
* IUCN Red List Categories (2017) Version 2017-1.
NE, not evaluated; DD, data deficient; LC, least concern; NT, near threatened; VU, vulnerable; EN, endangered; CR, critically endangered; EW, extinct in the wild; EX, extinct.