. 2021 Jan 4;56(7):1175–1187. doi: 10.1007/s00127-020-01992-9

Table 3.

Latent classes of child maltreatment and associations with 12 month mental disorder diagnoses among South African university students (n = 1290)

Type of 12 month diagnosis	Model 3: additive model^a OR^b (95% CI)^c	Model 4: restricted mode^a OR (95% CI)	Model 5: restricted model^a OR (95% CI)
Any common mental disorder (n = 442)	15.9**	1.1 (0.7–1.5)	1.8** (1.3–2.6)	1.5* (1.1–2.1)	10.6*	1.1 (0.7–1.6)	1.8*** (1.4–2.3)	1.4 (0.8–2.0)	10.4**	1.1 (0.7–1.6)	1.8*** (1.4–2.3)
Internalising disorders
Major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 203)	34.2***	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	2.9*** (1.9–4.4)	1.9** (1.3–2.8)	21.3***	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	2.1*** (1.2–2.0)	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	21.3***	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	2.0*** (1.4–2.9)
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD, n = 291)	18.8**	1.2 (0.7–1.9)	2.1** (1.4–3.1)	1.7** (1.2–2.4)	12.4**	1.2 (0.8–2.0)	1.7** (1.2–2.3)	1.1 (0.7–1.6)	12.2**	1.2 (0.8–1.9)	1.7*** (1.3–2.3)
MDD and/or GAD (n = 377)	28.1***	1.1 (0.7–1.7)	2.4** (1.7–3.3)	1.7** (1.2–2.4)	15.9***	1.1 (0.7–1.7)	1.7*** (1.3–2.3)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	15.8***	1.1 (0.7–1.7)	1.7*** (1.3–2.1)
Externalising disorders
Alcohol use disorder (AUD, n = 75)	3.0	0.7 (0.3–1.6)	0.5 (0.2–1.3)	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	0.7	0.7 (0.3–1.3)	1.0 (0.6–1.7)	0.8 (0.4–1.7)	0.5	0.7 (0.3–1.8)	0.9 (0.6–1.5)
Drug Use Disorder (DUD, n = 39)	7.1	1.4 (0.5–4.3)	1.8 (0.7–4.4)	2.8** (1.3–5.9)	5.5	1.3 (0.4–4.0)	1.1 (0.5–2.6)	2.3 (0.9–5.0)	2.1	1.3 (0.4–4.0)	1.8* (1.0–3.3)
AUD and/or DUD (n = 103)	1.5	0.8 (0.4–1.7)	0.9 (0.5–1.7)	1.3 (0.5–2.1)	1.4	0.9 (0.5–1.9)	1.1 (0.7–1.8)	1.1 (0.7–2.2)	0.8	0.9 (0.5–1.9)	1.1 (0.8–1.8)

Type of 12 month diagnosis

Model 3: additive model^a
OR^b (95% CI)^c

Model 4: restricted mode^a
OR (95% CI)

Model 5: restricted model^a
OR (95% CI)

χ² (3)

Class 2: neglect (n = 132)

Class 3: emotional abuse (n = 272)

Class 4: multiple forms of abuse (n = 221)

χ² (3)

Class 2: neglect (n = 132)

Class ¾ emotional abuse alone or with other types of abuse (n = 576)

Class 4: multiple forms of abuse (n = 221)

χ² (2)

Class 2: neglect (n = 132)

Class ¾ emotional abuse alone or with other types of abuse (n = 576)

Any common mental disorder (n = 442)

15.9**

1.1

(0.7–1.5)

1.8**

(1.3–2.6)

1.5*

(1.1–2.1)

10.6*

1.1

(0.7–1.6)

1.8***

(1.4–2.3)

1.4

(0.8–2.0)

10.4**

1.1

(0.7–1.6)

1.8***

(1.4–2.3)

Internalising disorders

Major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 203)

34.2***

0.8

(0.4–1.5)

2.9***

(1.9–4.4)

1.9**

(1.3–2.8)

21.3***

0.8

(0.4–1.5)

2.1***

(1.2–2.0)

0.9

(0.6–1.4)

21.3***

0.8

(0.4–1.5)

2.0***

(1.4–2.9)

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD, n = 291)

18.8**

1.2

(0.7–1.9)

2.1**

(1.4–3.1)

1.7**

(1.2–2.4)

12.4**

1.2

(0.8–2.0)

1.7**

(1.2–2.3)

1.1

(0.7–1.6)

12.2**

1.2

(0.8–1.9)

1.7***

(1.3–2.3)

MDD and/or GAD (n = 377)

28.1***

1.1

(0.7–1.7)

2.4**

(1.7–3.3)

1.7**

(1.2–2.4)

15.9***

1.1

(0.7–1.7)

1.7***

(1.3–2.3)

1.0

(0.7–1.5)

15.8***

1.1

(0.7–1.7)

1.7***

(1.3–2.1)

Externalising disorders

Alcohol use disorder (AUD, n = 75)

3.0

0.7

(0.3–1.6)

0.5

(0.2–1.3)

0.8

(0.4–1.5)

0.7

(0.3–1.3)

1.0

(0.6–1.7)

0.8

(0.4–1.7)

0.5

0.7

(0.3–1.8)

0.9

(0.6–1.5)

Drug Use Disorder (DUD, n = 39)

7.1

1.4

(0.5–4.3)

1.8

(0.7–4.4)

2.8**

(1.3–5.9)

5.5

1.3

(0.4–4.0)

1.1

(0.5–2.6)

2.3

(0.9–5.0)

2.1

1.3

(0.4–4.0)

1.8*

(1.0–3.3)

AUD and/or DUD (n = 103)

1.5

0.8

(0.4–1.7)

0.9

(0.5–1.7)

1.3

(0.5–2.1)

1.4

0.9

(0.5–1.9)

1.1

(0.7–1.8)

1.1

(0.7–2.2)

0.8

0.9

(0.5–1.9)

1.1

(0.8–1.8)

*Significant at p < 0.05

**Significant at p < 0.01

***Significant at p < 0.001

^aAll models control for the potentially confounding effect of gender

^bOR odds ratio

^c95% CI 95% confidence interval