Table 1.
Study, year | Location | Male (%) | Age (years) | Sample | Imaging methodology | Contrast used | AVS characteristics | Screening test for PA (ng/ml) | Confirmatory test for PA |
Li et al 201943 | China | 61 (50) | 48.5 | 122 | CT | yes | without ACTH SI ≥2 LI≥2 | ARR | Captopril test or salt-loading test |
Campbell et al 201919 | USA | 45 (61) | 55.6 | 74 | CT or MRI | no | with ACTH, SI≥5, LI≥4 | not ARR | no |
Aono et al 201942 | Japan | NA | 56 | 317 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI>2, LI≥2 | ARR >20 | Captopril test, furosemide upright test or salt-loading test |
Sam et al 201920 | Canada | 201 (59) | 52.1 | 342 | CT or MRI | yes | with ACTH, SI>2, LI≥4 | ARR | no |
Umakoshi et al 201841 | Japan | 762 (47.9) | 53 | 1591 | CT | yes | with ACTH, SI>5, LI>4 | ARR | Captopril test, furosemide upright test or salt-loading test |
Nanba et al 201740 | USA | 87 (59) | 54 | 147 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI≥5, LI≥4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Kamemura et al 201739 | Japan | 177 (45) | 54 | 393 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI>5, LI>4 | ARR | Captopril test, furosemide upright test or salt-loading test |
Zhu et al 201638 | China | NA | 46 | 394 | CT | no | without ACTH, SI≥3, LI≥2 | ARR | Fludrocortisone test or salt-loading test |
Pedersen et al 201618 | Denmark | 24 (54) | 51 | 45 | CT or MRI | no | without ACTH. SI /LI NA | ARR | Fludrocortisone test or postural test |
Kocjan et al 201637 | Slovenia | 46 (69) | 56 | 67 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI>5, LI>4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Asmar et al 201517 | USA | 148 (63) | 55 | 235 | CT or MRI | no | with ACTH, SI≥5, LI≥4 | ARR | no |
Riester et al 201435 | Germany | NA | 35 | 28 | CT or MRI | no | without ACTH, SI≥2, LI≥4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Sze et al 201436 | UK | 42 (56) | 50.5 | 75 | CT | yes | with ACTH, SI≥5, LI≥4 | not ARR | salt-loading test |
Kűpers et al 201230 | France | 53 (61) | 46 | 87 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI≥2, LI≥4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Lau et al 201232 | UK | 24 (64) | 51.8 | 39 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI≥5, LI≥4 | not ARR | salt-loading test |
Burton et al 201234 | UK | NA | 50.9 | 40 | CT | Yes | without ACTH, LI≥4 | not ARR | no |
Salem et al 201233 | UK | 16 (44) | 44.7 | 38 | CT | no | without ACTH, LI≥4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Oh et al 201231 | Korea | 45 (52) | 50.7 | 86 | CT | yes | with ACTH, SI≥3, LI>4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Sarlon-Bartoli et al 201129 | France | NA | 52 | 58 | CT | yes | without ACTH, SI≥1, LI>2 | ARR | no |
Mathur et al 201028 | USA | 63 (55) | 50.6 | 114 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI>2, LI≥4 | ARR | Captopril test, posture test or salt-loading test |
Mulatero et al 200827 | Italy | NA | 52.4 | 70 | CT | yes | 65 with ACTH; five without ACTH, SI>2, LI≥4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Minami et al 200826 | Japan | 12 (34) | 54 | 35 | CT | no | with ACTH SI /LI NA | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Nwariaku et al 200625 | USA | 27 (67) | 51 | 40 | CT | yes | with ACTH, SI≥3, LI>4 | ARR | Captopril test or posture test |
Young et al 200424 | USA | 163 (84) | 53 | 194 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI>5, LI>4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
Magill et al 200123 | USA | 27 (71) | 51 | 38 | CT | no | with ACTH, SI≥3, LI≥4 | ARR | Salt-loading test |
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; ARR, aldosterone-to-renin ratio; AVS, adrenal vein sampling; LI, lateralisation index; NA, not available; PA, primary aldosteronism; SI, selectivity index.