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. 2020 Dec 30;5(12):e003844. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003844

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Trends of birth and CSRs from 1991 to 2017 and regional variations on CS rates in 2017. Panel A shows trends of births at different type of birth facility in Indonesia from 1991 to 2017, while panel B shows CSRs at different type of birth facility. Detailed table listed on online supplemental table 1. The grey horizontal band on panel B indicates the 10%–15% optimal range for CS at a population level, while the coloured band indicates the 95% CI of CSRs estimate at among all births, among births at private facilities, and among births at public facilities. Panel C shows CSRs across 34 provinces in Indonesia, listed on online supplemental table 2. CS, caesarean section; CSRs, CS rates.