Behavioral terms
Choice-induced (food or social interaction) voluntary abstinence	An abstinence procedure developed to model contingency management therapy33. Rats are first trained to self-administer alternative reward (food or social interaction), followed by Meth. The delivery of alternative reward and drug is paired with its respective discrete cues (e.g., tone and light). After training, rats undergo daily mutually exclusive choice procedures between alternative reward and Meth. Caprioli et al.30 and Venniro et al.31 demonstrated that during choice procedures, rats prefer alternative reward over drug, and therefore achieve choice-induced voluntary abstinence.
Conditioned-place preference	A Pavlovian conditioning procedure measuring the rewarding effects of drugs by determining preference for a drug-associated environment
Contingency management	A behavioral therapy that uses non-drug rewards (e.g., token) or punishments to reinforce abstinence in humans33.
Forced abstinence	An abstinence procedure in which rats simply return to their home cages after self-administration training, with no access to the operant chamber.
Incubation of drug craving	Time-dependent increases in cue-induced drug seeking following withdrawal7.
Punishment-induced and forced abstinence	An abstinence procedure to model voluntary abstinence imposed by adverse consequences, a phenomenon observed in humans35,36,111,112. Rats are first trained to self-administer Meth paired with a discrete cue. After training, rats undergo the daily punishment sessions, during which 50% of responses on the active lever and Meth infusions are paired with a foot shock32. Krasnova et al.32,108 demonstrated that during the punishment phase, self-administration decreases in a subset of rats (shock-sensitive rats), achieving punishment-induced abstinence. In contrast, a subset of rats continues Meth self-administration despite of the shock (shock-resistant rats). After the punishment phase, incubation of drug craving occurs in both shock-resistant and shock-sensitive rats after a period of forced abstinence, with higher drug seeking behavior in shock-resistant than shock-sensitive rats during both early and prolonged withdrawal.
Reinstatement	A procedure modeling relapse behaviors testing for a reemergence of drug seeking behavior after the behavior has been previously extinguished. The reinstatement of drug seeking behavior can be elicited by a drug-associated cue, non-contingent drug exposure, or stress.
Biological terms
Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor	A type of AMPA receptors that lack of GluA2 subunits. Unlike GluA2-containing AMPA receptors, GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors are calcium permeable, and exhibit greater conductance, inward rectifying currents and a unique pharmacological profile (e.g., blocked by polyamine drugs, such as Naspm).
Cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide	A neuropeptide that is differentially expressed in the striatum when a rat is injected with cocaine or amphetamine113. CARTpt modulates stimulant-induced behaviors such as locomotor activity114.
Histone deacetylase 5	Class II histone deacetylase responsible for removing acetyl groups from the N-terminal tail of histones.
mGlu1-mediated synaptic depression	A type of synaptic depression expressed postsyanptically in response to activation of mGlu1, which leads to endocytosis CP-AMPA receptors.
Oxytocin	A neuropeptide hormone with anxiolytic effects
Positive allosteric modulator	Ligands that bind to an allosteric binding site on a receptor, resulting in an increased agonist affinity or efficacy at the receptor.