Table 1.
Studies examining dendritic spine and neurite pathology in mouse models of amyloidosis using in vivo two-photon microscopy that are discussed in this review.
| Model strain | Method of neuronal labeling | Age at imaging | Brain region imaged | Interval between imaging sessions | Dendritic spine/bouton changes (compared to control) | Presence of neurite dystrophy | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDAPP | Alexafluor-594-Dextran | 19–22 months | Non-specified cortical regions | − | − | Yes | D'Amore et al., 2003 |
| PSAPP | Crossed with Thy1-YFP transgenic mice | 6 months | Non-specified cortex | 2–4 days, 1–2 weeks, 4–5 weeks | Increased spine gain and loss but loss greater than gain | Yes | Tsai et al., 2004 |
| Tg2576 | Viral delivery of GFP | 21–24 months | Somatosensory cortex | 1 week | − | Yes | Spires et al., 2005 |
| Tg2576 | Viral delivery of GFP | 8–10 months; 18–24 months | Somatosensory cortex | Minutes to 1 hour | Increased spine loss in 18–24 but not 8–10 months | Spires-Jones et al., 2007 | |
| Tg2576; PS1ΔE9; APP/PS1; PS1M146V | Viral delivery of a calcium indicator YC3.6 | Tg2576: 17–20 months; PS1ΔE9: 5- 6 months; APP/PS1: 3–3.5 months. | Somatosensory cortex | − | Elevated intracellular calcium and disrupted calcium compartmentalization. | Yes | Kuchibhotla et al., 2008 |
| APPswe/PS1d9; Tg2576; PDAPP | Crossed with Thy1-YFP transgenic mice | 5−6 months | Non-specified cortex | One day or one week | − | Yes | Meyer-Luehmann et al., 2008 |
| 3xTg-AD | Crossed with Thy1-YFP transgenic mice | 4-6, 8–10, 13–15 and 18–20 months | Somatosensory cortex | Few days | 8–10 month - no change, 13–15 and 18–20 month - increased spine gain and loss | Yes | Bittner et al., 2010 |
| APP1PS1 | Viral delivery of GFP | 6 month | Somatosensory cortex | − | − | Yes | Wu et al., 2010 |
| APP PS1 | Crossed with Thy1-YFP transgenic mice | 3–4 months and 18–19 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | Increased spine loss but same spine gain | − | Bittner et al., 2012 |
| 5X-FAD | Crossed with Thy1-YFP transgenic mice | 3–4 months | Somatosensory cortex | Few days | Not reported. | No gross deficit observed. | Buskila et al., 2013 |
| APP PS1 mice | Crossed with Thy1-GFP transgenic mice | 3–4 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | Increased spine gain and loss | − | Liebscher et al., 2014 |
| APP23 and APPswe/PS1deltaE9 | Crossed with Thy1-GFP transgenic mice | 4–5 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | Decreased spine gain and no change in loss. | − | Zou et al., 2015 |
| APPPS1 | Crossed with GAD1-GFP mice | 4–11 months | Hippocampus | Weekly, monthly | Increased spine loss with age. Decreased spine stabilization after learning. | − | Schmid et al., 2016 |
| APPswe/PS1deltaE9 | Crossed with Thy1-GFP transgenic mice | 4–5 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | Enriched environment does not change spine turnover whereas it is increased in controls. | − | Zou et al., 2016 |
| APP swe/PS1deltaE9 | Viral delivery of calcium sensor GCaMP6 | 3 months | Primary motor cortex | Hours | Longer duration calcium transients in dendrites, decreased spine size in dendrites with long duration calcium currents. | − | Bai et al., 2017 |
| APPswe/PSen1ΔE9 | Crossed with Thy1-GFP transgenic mice | 3–4 months; 10–11 months | Somatosensory cortex | 2 weeks | Increase in both spine gain and loss. | − | Heiss et al., 2017 |
| APPswe/PS1deltaE9 and APP-PS1 | Crossed with Thy1-GFP transgenic mice | APPswe/PS1deltaE9: 7–13 months; APP-PS1: 3–10 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | − | Yes | Blazquez-Llorca et al., 2017 |
| APP-PS1 | Crossed with VGLUT1venus knockin mice | 3–7 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | Bouton density reduced closer to plaque | Yes | Peters et al., 2018 |
| APP-PS1 | Crossed with VGLUT1venus knockin mice | 3–6 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | − | Yes | Peters et al., 2019 |
| J20 | Viral delivery of GFP | 7–10 and 11–14 months | Somatosensory cortex | One week | Bouton but not spine density reduced | No | Stephen et al., 2019 |