Table 2.

Adjusted odds ratios from multilevel multivariable mixed-effects model describing patient- and hospital-level covariates associated with receipt of one or more vasoactive medication(s) on POD1

	aOR	95% CI	P Value
Patient-level characteristics
Age	1.00	1.00–1.01	<0.001
Sex, M (ref. F)	1.15	1.11–1.18	<0.001
Race
White (ref.)	1.00	—	—
Black	0.97	0.91–1.03	0.31
Hispanic	0.99	0.92–1.07	0.87
Other or unknown	1.05	0.99–1.11	0.12
Insurance type
Private (ref.)	1.00	—	—
Medicare	1.04	0.99–1.08	0.09
Medicaid	1.07	1.01–1.14	0.02
Other/unknown/uninsured	1.07	1.00–1.15	0.04
Comorbid disease present on admission*
Malignancy	1.00	0.91–1.10	>0.99
Diabetes with complications	1.01	0.97–1.04	0.78
Cerebrovascular disease	1.02	0.97–1.08	0.40
Acute or chronic renal failure	1.37	1.32–1.42	<0.001
COPD	1.11	1.07–1.15	<0.001
Diagnoses present on admission*
Congestive heart failure	1.85	1.79–1.91	<0.001
Cardiogenic shock	2.38	2.13–2.66	<0.001
Arrhythmia	1.27	1.23–1.32	<0.001
Pulmonary edema	1.22	1.05–1.43	0.01
Principal procedure
CABG alone (ref.)	1.00	—	—
CABG without CPB	0.77	0.73–0.81	<0.001
Valve repair(s) or replacement(s) without CABG	1.01	0.97–1.06	0.59
CABG + valve(s)	1.66	1.59–1.75	<0.001
Receipt of temporary mechanical circulatory support on or before the day of index surgery	3.00	2.82–3.19	<0.001
Hospital-level characteristics
U.S. region†
West (ref.)	1.00	—	—
Midwest	1.42	1.08–1.86	0.01
South	1.35	1.05–1.73	0.02
Northeast	1.05	0.74–1.49	0.79
Number of beds
>400 (ref.)	1.00	—	—
200–400	0.91	0.74–1.12	0.38
<200	0.96	0.69–1.33	0.80
Teaching hospital†	0.83	0.67–1.03	0.09
Urban location†	0.94	0.69–1.29	0.71
AMOR	2.07	1.93–2.21	—

Definition of abbreviations: aOR = adjusted odds ratio; AMOR = adjusted median odds ratio; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass; POD1 = postoperative Day 1; ref. = referent.

^*As per Abildstrøm (35).

^†As defined by Premier (26).