Table 1.
The Demographic, Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetic Patients According to the Different Classification for the Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases
| Parameters | ACR (mg/g) and eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) (KDIGO) | ACR (mg/g) | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m 2) | |||||||||
|
Low risk (control), (n=47) |
Moderately increased risk, (n=63) |
High risk (n=40) |
Very high Risk, (n=35) |
p |
Normoalbuminuria <30 (control), (n=55) |
Microalbuminuria 30-299, (n=102) |
Macroalbuminuria ≥300, (n=28) |
p |
≥60 (Control), (n=106) |
<60 (n=79) |
p | |
| Age, years | 54.6±6.6 | 56.1±5.9 | 55.9±5.3 | 55.7±7.2 | 0.647 | 54.8±6.4 | 56.3±5.7 | 54.4±7.3 | 0.184 | 55.3±6.2 | 55.9±6.3 | 0.562 |
| Sex, male % | 36.2 | 49.2 | 20.0 | 37.1 | 0.030 | 30.9 | 40.2 | 39.3 | 0.503 | 45.3 | 26.6 | 0.014 |
| BMI, kg/m2(mean±SD) | 32.2±5.7 | 31.6±5.0 | 33.6±5.5 | 33.6±6.4 | 0.225 | 32.7±5.8 | 32.5±5.3 | 32.5±6.2 | 0.971 | 31.7±5.1 | 33.8±5.9 | 0.011 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 16.8±4.9 | 19.3±5.9 | 18.6±5.0 | 18.8±5.0 | 0.106 | 17.1±4.8 | 19.3±5.8 | 18.0±4.7 | 0.052 | 18.3±5.7 | 18.6±5.1 | 0.731 |
| SBP, mmHg (mean±SD) | 127.2±16.9 | 138.7±15.8 | 142.4±22.3 | 147.3±19.2 | <0.001 | 128.3±16.1 | 141.4±18.9 | 146.4±20.6 | <0.001 | 134.1±17.9 | 143.8±20.1 | 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg (mean±SD) | 71.3±10.0 | 75.0±9.9 | 75.5±11.3 | 72.3±11.5 | 0.159 | 71.4±9.8 | 75.1±10.5 | 72.7±12.1 | 0.105 | 73.5±10.3 | 73.8±11.2 | 0.823 |
| FBG, mg/dL (mean±SD) | 159.9±52.9 | 228.0±88.8 | 233.1±85.9 | 208.3±72.6 | <0.001 | 162.6±51.7 | 230.1±85.7 | 218.7±85.2 | <0.001 | 202.0±84.1 | 216.6±79.6 | 0.242 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.1±1.4 | 10.7±1.6 | 10.5±1.8 | 10.9±1.9 | 0.038 | 9.9±1.4 | 10.6±1.6 | 11.3±2.0 | 0.001 | 10.4±1.5 | 10.5±1.8 | 0.659 |
| Hypertension, % | 44.7 | 79.4 | 77.5 | 91.4 | <0.001 | 50.9 | 79.5 | 89.3 | <0.001 | 62.3 | 84.4 | 0.008 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 66.0 | 69.8 | 80.0 | 74.3 | <0.001 | 67.3 | 73.5 | 75.0 | 0.654 | 68.9 | 73.4 | 0.604 |
| ACR, mg/g (median IQR) | 7.9 (3.9-13.7) | 75.9 (63.0-78.0) | 131.4 (59.3-224.4) | 838.6 (221-3066.4) | <0.001 | 7.9 (4.1-13.7) | 106.0 (53.9-169.3) | 1474.7 (438.0-3721.8) | <0.001 | 39.7 (7.8-110.7) | 167.5 (60.3-455.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (median IQR) |
89.0 (75.0-96.0) |
71.0 (63.0-78.0) |
53.5 (49.2-56.8) |
37.0 (25.0-48.0) |
<0.001 | 86.0 (70.0-94.0) |
61.5 (52.0-75.0) |
44.0 (24.2-54.5) |
<0.001 | 77.0 (69.0-88.0) |
50.0 (38.0-55.0) |
<0.001 |
| Total protein/Cr mg/g (median IQR) |
82.3 (60.4-135.3) |
224.5 (136.6-451) |
288.1 (190.3-486) |
921.1*†‡ (294.3-3133.7) |
<0.001 | 88.6 (68.3-148.4) |
254.0 (172.7-452.6) |
1648.1 (836.2-3727.1) |
<0.001 | 160.3 (81.5-294.9) |
295.8 (182.8-804.7) |
<0.001 |
| Transferrin/Cr µg/g (median IQR) |
183 (91-321) |
1021* (581-2095) |
840* (280-2594) |
2133*†‡ (1341-4207) |
<0.001 | 207 (93-347) |
1063 (477-2128) |
3592 (1774-5199) |
<0.001 | 535 (182-1354) |
1343 (439-3246) |
0.006 |
| RBP/Cr µg/g (median IQR) |
264 (181-398) |
396 (248-726) |
461 (267-856) |
1434*†‡ (378-3612) |
<0.001 | 286 (192-450) |
378 (241-706) |
2203 (992-5235) |
<0.001 | 345 (216-591) |
501.4 (291.3-1758.2) |
0.001 |
| NGAL/Cr µg/g (median IQR) |
21.2 (9.3-38.0) |
33.5 (13.0-87.8) |
42.0 (20.9-90.5) |
61.5*† (29.9-171.1) |
0.002 | 23.5 (9.6-38.0) |
37.7 (17.5-89.2) |
96.5 (39.6-208.3) |
<0.001 | 28.5 (11.1-59.8) |
40.2 (23.3-105.9) |
0.009 |
| KIM-1/Cr µg/g (median IQR) |
0.78 (0.40-1.26) |
0.73 (0.26-1.28) |
1.04*† (0.6-1.9) |
0.69‡ (0.39-1.03) |
0.002 | 0.82 (0.47-1.26) |
0.86 (0.33-1.49) |
0.67 (0.38-1.01) |
0.212 | 0.73 (0.28-1.26) |
0.86 (0.51-1.47) |
0.008 |
| MCP-1/Cr µg/g (median IQR) |
0.17 (0.09-0.23) |
0.17 (0.10-0.32) |
0.23 (0.13-0.40) |
0.43*†‡ (0.21-1.36) |
<0.001 | 0.17 (0.09-0.24) |
0.18 (0.11-0.32) |
0.75 (0.34-1.44) |
<0.001 | 0.18 (0.11-0.28) |
0.25 (0.13-0.61) |
<0.001 |
Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for parametric variables and median (IQR; Interquartile range) for non-parametric variables and compared by Student`s t-test/ANOVA. *Low risk vs moderately increased risk/high risk/very high risk, †Moderately increased risk vs high risk/very high risk, ‡High risk vs very high risk. Categorical data are presented as absolute frequencies and compared using the Chi-square test. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant.
Abbreviations: ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; total protein/Cr, total protein-to-creatinine ratio; transferrin/Cr, transferrin-to-creatinine ratio; RBP/Cr, retinol-binding protein-to-creatinine ratio; NGAL/Cr, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-to-creatinine ratio; KIM-1/Cr, kidney injury molecule 1-to-creatinine ratio; MCP-1/Cr, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-to-creatinine ratio.