Table 4.

Effect of self-perceived risk of COVID-19 on voting

Variables	OLS	Probit	IV 2SLS
	β/95% CI	β/95% CI	β/95% CI
Perceived risk of catching COVID-19	− 0.005	− 0.006	− 0.096**
	[− 0.047, 0.036]	[− 0.047, 0.035]	[− 0.175, − 0.017]
Age 25–34	− 0.007	− 0.005	− 0.008
	[− 0.072, 0.057]	[− 0.061, 0.051]	[− 0.072, 0.057]
Age 35–44	0.042	0.047	0.043
	[− 0.021, 0.106]	[− 0.014, 0.108]	[− 0.021, 0.106]
Age 45–54	0.010	0.010	0.012
	[− 0.064, 0.085]	[− 0.059, 0.079]	[− 0.062, 0.087]
Age 55–64	0.045	0.054	0.042
	[− 0.034, 0.123]	[− 0.030, 0.138]	[− 0.036, 0.121]
Age > 64	0.032	0.040	0.038
	[− 0.050, 0.114]	[− 0.048, 0.128]	[− 0.046, 0.122]
Male	0.042*	0.043*	0.048**
	[− 0.003, 0.087]	[− 0.000, 0.086]	[0.002, 0.093]
Primary education	− 0.035	− 0.031	− 0.040
	[− 0.108, 0.038]	[− 0.104, 0.043]	[− 0.113, 0.033]
Secondary education	− 0.021	− 0.014	− 0.024
	[− 0.103, 0.062]	[− 0.096, 0.068]	[− 0.107, 0.058]
Tertiary	− 0.021	− 0.004	− 0.025
	[− 0.127, 0.085]	[− 0.116, 0.107]	[− 0.133, 0.083]
Religion is Jehovah’s Witnesses	− 0.126	− 0.119	− 0.120
	[− 0.561, 0.309]	[− 0.411, 0.173]	[− 0.545, 0.305]
Respondent is employed	0.129***	0.098***	0.138***
	[0.033, 0.225]	[0.034, 0.162]	[0.043, 0.233]
Agrees with court to nullify election	0.085**	0.069***	0.082**
	[0.018, 0.151]	[0.020, 0.118]	[0.016, 0.148]
Respondent lives in urban	− 0.076**	− 0.071***	− 0.084***
	[− 0.136, − 0.016]	[− 0.120, − 0.022]	[− 0.144, − 0.023]
Fairy bad living conditions	− 0.042*	− 0.045**	− 0.050*
	[− 0.091, 0.008]	[− 0.089, − 0.000]	[− 0.099, 0.000]
Good living conditions	0.047*	0.041	0.041
	[− 0.002, 0.097]	[− 0.011, 0.094]	[− 0.010, 0.091]
Northern region	0.047*	0.065*	0.037
	[− 0.000, 0.094]	[− 0.006, 0.137]	[− 0.011, 0.085]
Southern region	− 0.071***	− 0.067***	− 0.065**
	[− 0.121, − 0.021]	[− 0.112, − 0.023]	[− 0.115, − 0.014]
N	1155	1155	1155
R2	0.066	–	–
Pseudo-R2	–	–	–
F	4.21***		–
χ2	–	80.37***	–

*p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01, 95% CI in brackets