Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Age- and Sex- matched Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), and General Population Patients (Non-SLE/Non-DM) enrolled in Medicaid (2007–2010)
| SLE N=40,212 |
DM N=80,424 |
General Population N=160,848 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Variables | |||
| Female (N,%) | 37,174 (92.45) | 74,348 (92.45) | 148,696 (92.45) |
| Age (mean, SD) | 40.34 (12.14) | 40.35 (12.14) | 40.34 (12.14) |
| Age group 18–39 (N,%) | 19,726 (49.06) | 39,402 (48.99) | 78,806 (48.99) |
| Age group 40–49 years (N,%) | 10,509 (26.13) | 21,055 (26.18) | 42,193 (26.23) |
| Age group 50–65 years (N,%) | 9,977 (24.81) | 19,967 (24.83) | 39,849 (24.77) |
| Race/Ethnicity (N,%) | |||
| African American | 16,878 (41.97) | 24,184 (30.07) | 33,997 (21.14) |
| Hispanic | 6,535 (16.25) | 13,801 (17.16) | 40,682 (25.29) |
| Asian | 1,177 (2.93) | 2,257 (2.81) | 5,326 (3.31) |
| White | 14,039 (34.91) | 36,755 (45.70) | 74,435 (46.28) |
| Native American | 393 (0.98) | 1,129 (1.40) | 1,590 (0.99) |
| Other | 1,190 (2.96) | 2,298 (2.86) | 4,818 (3.00) |
| Residential Region (N, %) | |||
| Midwest | 7,887 (19.61) | 17,435 (21.68) | 31,037 (19.30) |
| Northeast | 8,560 (21.29) | 16,043 (19.95) | 30,769 (19.13) |
| South | 15,703 (39.05) | 31,530 (39.20) | 53,081 (33.00) |
| West | 8,062 (20.05) | 15,416 (19.17) | 45,961 (28.57) |
| Area Median Household Income (Mean, SD)** | 45.72 (17.26) | 44.46 (15.87) | 47.94 (17.46) |
| CVD Comorbidities (N,%)* | |||
| Angina | 806 (2.00) | 1,775 (2.21) | 1,139 (0.71) |
| CABG | 89 (0.22) | 132 (0.16) | 117 (0.07) |
| Coronary Atherosclerosis | 1,825 (4.54) | 3,884 (4.83) | 2,603 (1.62) |
| Stroke | 1,526 (3.79) | 2,058 (2.56) | 1,830 (1.14) |
| Acute MI | 370 (0.92) | 563 (0.70) | 410 (0.25) |
| Old MI | 344 (0.86) | 484 (0.60) | 342 (0.21) |
| PCI | 180 (0.45) | 355 (0.44) | 235 (0.15) |
| Valvular Disease | 2,641 (6.57) | 2,174 (2.70) | 2,085 (1.30) |
| Carotid Stenosis | 231 (0.57) | 506 (0.63) | 470 (0.29) |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 361 (0.90) | 768 (0.95) | 455 (0.28) |
| Heart failure | 2,310 (5.74) | 3,767 (4.68) | 2,153 (1.34) |
| Any CVD Comorbidity at baseline (N, %)€ | 7,153 (17.79) | 10,570 (13.14) | 8,075 (5.02) |
| Cardiac Risk Factors (N, %) | |||
| Hypertension | 13,429 (33.40) | 31,046 (38.60) | 19,458 (12.10) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3,844 (9.56) | 18,178 (22.60) | 9,334 (5.80) |
| Obesity | 1,550 (3.85) | 9,003 (11.19) | 3,600 (2.24) |
| Smoking | 2,588 (6.44) | 4,508 (5.61) | 6,159 (3.83) |
| SLE and Medical Comorbidities | |||
| Lupus Nephritis (N, %) | 6,741 (16.76) | N/A | N/A |
| Diabetic Nephropathy (N,%) | N/A | 4,294 (5.34) | N/A |
| SLE Risk Adjustment Index¥ (Mean, SD) | 1.02 (1.99) | N/A | N/A |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (Mean, SD) | 0.89 (1.32) | 0.56 (1.23) | 0.36 (1.22) |
| Medications | |||
| Glucocorticoid use (N, %) | 15,526 (38.61) | 5,727 (7.12) | 6,571 (4.09) |
| Hydroxychloroquine use (N, %) | 14,806 (36.82) | 208 (0.26) | 257 (0.16) |
| Immunosuppressant use (N, %) | 7,929 (19.72) | 769 (0.96) | 645 (0.40) |
| Insulin use (N, %) | 189 (0.47) | 22,253 (27.67) | 927 (0.58) |
| Statin use (N, %) | 3,166 (7.87) | 19,453 (24.19) | 6,642 (4.13) |
| ACE/ARB use (N, %) | 7,500 (18.65) | 25,358 (31.53) | 9,017 (5.61) |
| Beta blocker use (N, %) | 4,286 (10.66) | 8,881 (11.04) | 6,327 (3.93) |
| Anticoagulation use (N, %) | 2,306 (5.73) | 1,251 (1.56) | 1,234 (0.77) |
| Total Medications (Mean, SD) | 9.88 (9.34) | 10.27 (9.40) | 3.44 (5.38) |
Cohorts are mutually exclusive and matched on age and sex.
CVD: cardiovascular disease, CABG: coronary artery bypass graft, CVA: cerebrovascular accident, MI: myocardial infarction, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.
Comorbidities collected during baseline
Zip-code level median household income based on the 2010 US Census (Missing data in 316). Cell sizes under 11 suppressed per Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) policy.
”Any CVD” defined as presence of any of the following during baseline: ‘old MI’, acute MI, stroke, heart failure, coronary atherosclerosis, PCI or CABG.
SLE specific index ranges from 0–46.
Glucocorticoid medications included the following: prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and cortisone defined as prednisone equivalents.
Immunosuppressant medications included the following: mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, leflunomide, rituximab, and tacrolimus.