Table 1.

Summary of used characterization tools

Characterizations	Analysis	Results obtained from the analytical techniques
UV-Vis	NPs formation	Verification for the NPs/NCs production and their stability
FTIR	Optical	Recognition of functional groups and chemical bonding
XRD	Structural	Crystallinity, size, structure
SEM and TEM	Morphology and size	Size, morphology, surface irregularity, and texture
EDX	Elemental	Chemical composition and purity