Table 5.

At risk groups, risk factors and transmission route for HEV infection

Source	Country	Transmission route	Risk	factor/	At risk group
			Risk practice/condition	Gender	Age	Occupation	Residence
Yamada et al., 2015	Cambodia	Blood-borne	Blood transfusion	Male	Older age	House workers	NR
Nouhin et al., 2015	Cambodia	NR	NR	Male	50–59 years old	NR	NR
Nouhin et al., 2016	Cambodia	Blood-borne, water-borne	Blood transfusion, Drinking fecally contaminated water	NR	Age 40 years and above	NR	NR
Nouhin et al., 2019	Cambodia	NR	NR	Male	Age 30 years and above	NR	Urban
Corwin et al., 1995	Indonesia	Water-borne	Poor water-related sanitary/hygienic practice, dependence on a single water source, and subnormal rainfall	Female	Age 60 years and above	NR	NR
Sedyaningsih-Mamahit et al., 2002a	Indonesia	Water-borne	River water as primary source of cooking, bathing and human waste disposal	Female	Increasing age	NR	Rural
Wibawa et al., 2004	Indonesia	Water-borne, foodborne (zoonotic)	Unhygienic water, undercooked or uncooked pig meat and viscera	NR	50 − 59 years old	NR	NR
Surya et al., 2005	Indonesia	Foodborne (zoonotic)	Undercooked grilled pork	NA	NR	NR	NR
Wibawa et al., 2007	Indonesia	Zoonotic	Ingesting uncooked pig meat and viscera, and vegetable mixed with fresh blood from pigs	NR	NR	NR	NR
Utsumi et al., 2011	Indonesia	Zoonotic	Close contact with animals/or animal waste (pig), consuming uncooked or undercooked swine meat	NR	Age above 20 years	Swine farm workers	NR
Widasari et al., 2013	Indonesia	zoonotic	Close association with pigs (as domestic animals), consumption of raw pig viscera and fresh blood mixed with vegetables	NR	15 − 40 years old	Swine farm workers	NR
Holt et al., 2016	Lao PDR	Waterborne zoonotic	Unprotected water sources, Poor hygiene practice (open defecation practice, infrequent hand washing), high pig contact (pig slaughtering, handling offal/raw meat, drinking raw pig’s blood, pigs in household)	Male	children	NR	NR
Khounvisith et al., 2018	Lao PDR	Zoonotic	Feeding of pigs	Male	50 years and above	Pig farmers, Slaughterhouse workers	NR
Tritz et al., 2018	Lao PDR	zoonotic	Close contact with cattle, consumption of raw or undercooked meat, consumption of raw blood	Male	Increasing age	Livestock farmers	Rural
Seow et al., 1999	Malaysia	NR	NR	DNS	DNS	NR	Rural
Ng et al., 2000	Malaysia	Fecal-oral (waterborne)	NR	Female	DNS	NR	NR
Hudu et al., 2018	Malaysia	Zoonotic	NR	Male	61 years and above	NR	NR
Uchida et al., 1993a	Myanmar	Fecal-oral (waterborne)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Wong et al., 2019	Singapore	Foodborne (zoonotic)	Consumption of pork and pig products	Male	55 years and above	NR	NR
Poovorawan et al., 1996	Thailand	NR	NR	Male	Increasing age	NR	NR
Hinjoy et al., 2013	Thailand	Foodborne (zoonotic), waterborne	Consumption of pig organs, household flood	Male	65 years and above	DNS	NR
Gonwong et al., 2014	Thailand	Foodborne (zoonotic),	Consumption of pork,	NA	-	NR	NR
Sa-nguanmoo et al., 2015	Thailand	Zoonotic	Contact with swine, pork consumption	DNS	21–50 years old	Swine farmers, animal transporters, abattoir workers, pork handlers	NR
Hau et al., 1999	Vietnam	Waterborne	DNS	DNS	50 years and above	NR	NR
Hoan et al., 2019	Vietnam	Zoonotic	Permanent contact with pig	NR	NR	Pork meat vendors, pig slaughterers, pig farmers	NR