Figure 4.

Taxonomic contributions to differentially enriched metabolic pathways. The top 10 pathways enriched in either urban or rural subjects are shown with the predicted contribution of individual taxa to the overall pathway variance (red diamonds). For each pathway, the top and bottom bars indicate urban- and rural-associated taxa, respectively, displaying the predicted contribution of each taxon to enrichment in either group; urban (positive) or rural (negative). For example, enrichment of Lipoic acid metabolism in urban subjects is associated with the positive contribution (A) of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), Parabacteroides distasonis (Pd) and Bacteroides vulgatus (Bv), with only minor negative contributions from multiple other species (B). Rural-associated taxa contributing to enrichment in urban subjects (C), most likely because they encode the function sparsely, include Prevotella copri (Pc) and Eubacterium rectale (Er). Prevotella stercorea (Ps) is predicted to enrich this pathway in rural subjects (D), acting against the total observed shift.