(A) UMAP plot of human gingival epithelial cells. Single cells coloured by cluster annotation. (B) UMAP plot of epithelial cells during disease progression. (C) Heatmap showing subset-specific markers. (D) GO enrichment terms for E0, E6, and E8 with -log adjusted p-value shown (dotted line corresponds to FDR = 0.05). (E) Dot plot showing top predicted ligands expressed by epithelial cells that modulate the E0 (stem) compartment. (F) Expression of KI67 and SOX2 in human healthy tissue. KI67 marks proliferative cells (cluster E5), and SOX2 marks an epithelial stem cell compartment (cluster E0). Scale bars = 100 μm (A, B). Scale bars, 50 μm (A’, B’). n = 4 patient samples/condition.