Table 3.
Summary of meta-analysis and subgroup analysis results.
| Q (df) | I 2 (%) | n (ES) | ES (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 572.48 (88), p < 0.001 | 84.6 | 89 | SMD = 0.31 (0.28, 0.35) | <0.001 |
| Session time (minutes) | 1.82 (2), p=0.402 | ||||
| Short (≤45 min) | 86.2 | 38 | SMD = 0.30 (0.25, 0.34) | <0.001 | |
| Moderate (45–60 min) | 84.3 | 48 | SMD = 0.35 (0.28, 0.42) | <0.001 | |
| Long (>60 min) | 52.6 | 3 | SMD = 0.30 (0.02, 0.58) | 0.03 | |
| Frequency (week/times) | 1.08 (2), p=0.583 | ||||
| Low (1-2 times) | 92.7 | 12 | SMD = 0.32 (0.28, 0.36) | <0.001 | |
| Moderate (3-4 times) | 82.2 | 75 | SMD = 0.26 (0.13, 0.39) | <0.001 | |
| High (≥5 times) | 88.4 | 5 | SMD = 0.34 (0.16, 0.62) | 0.001 | |
| Length | 6.00 (2), p=0.05 | ||||
| Short (≤12 week) | 73.5 | 12 | SMD = 0.40 (0.30, 0.50) | <0.001 | |
| Moderate (12–24 week) | 85.4 | 21 | SMD = 0.41 (0.26, 0.55) | <0.001 | |
| Long (>24 week) | 85.8 | 56 | SMD = 0.29 (0.24, 0.33) | <0.001 | |
| Cognitive function domains | 15.66 (5), p=0.008 | ||||
| Global cognitive function | 67.2 | 23 | SMD = 0.41 (0.33, 0.48) | <0.001 | |
| Memory function | 68.9 | 22 | SMD = 0.31 (0.22, 0.39) | <0.001 | |
| Executive function | 77.4 | 18 | SMD = 0.33 (0.25, 0.42) | <0.001 | |
| Verbal fluency | 0 | 5 | SMD = 0.27 (0.13, 0.41) | <0.001 | |
| Attention | 96 | 14 | SMD = 0.25 (0.17, 0.34) | <0.001 | |
| Visual space function | 54.7 | 7 | SMD = 0.03 (−0.28, 0.33) | 0.7 | |
| Cognitive status | 0.04 (1), p=0.843 | ||||
| MCI | 85.7 | 80 | SMD = 0.33 (0.17, 0.50) | <0.001 | |
| DE | 56.0 | 9 | SMD = 0.31 (0.27, 0.35) | <0.001 |