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. 2020 Dec 28;2020:8861379. doi: 10.1155/2020/8861379

Table 5.

Results from the static balance test for two groups before and after the intervention.

Group Index 3 years 4 years 5 years
Control group (n = 22) Experimental group (n = 22) Control group (n = 16) Experimental group (n = 22) Control group (n = 22) Experimental group (n = 16)
FEO Area Pretest 4.96 ± 2.86 4.84 ± 3.71 4.25 ± 2.18 4.17 ± 1.79 3.06 ± 2.01 2.94 ± 1.72
Posttest 4.16 ± 2.66 3.49 ± 2.53 3.28 ± 2.891) 3.24 ± 1.644)5) 2.16 ± 1.941) 1.86 ± 0.783)5)
Δ −0.80 ± 0.20 −1.35 ± 1.19 −0.97 ± 0.18 −0.96 ± 0.01 −1.08 ± 0.06 −1.15 ± 0.02
Cohen's d 0.28 0.42 0.37 0.62 0.45 0.80
Length Pretest 108.09 ± 68.22 105.30 ± 51.06 75.37 ± 29.96 73.33 ± 25.88 43.10 ± 16.72 43.37 ± 17.20
Posttest 92.1 ± 38.22 69.84 ± 39.573)5) 63.18 ± 27.961) 56.66 ± 24.063)5) 38.92 ± 15.71 35.53 ± 12.013)5)
Δ −16.99 ± 5.22 −35.46 ± 6.31 −12.19 ± 2.13 −16.67 ± 2.37 −4.18 ± 1.01 −7.84 ± 5.19
Cohen's d 0.28 0.77 0.40 0.81 0.25 0.57
A-P Pretest 3.12 ± 1.13 2.91 ± 1.11 2.58 ± 0.85 2.61 ± 1.04 1.97 ± 0.85 1.96 ± 0.54
Posttest 2.89 ± 0.92 2.60 ± 0.99 2.31 ± 0.99 2.03 ± 0.913)5) 1.89 ± 0.72 1.84 ± 0.50
Δ −0.28 ± 0.02 −0.34 ± 0.01 −0.27 ± 0.01 −0.58 ± 0.03 −0.08 ± 0.01 −0.32 ± 0.04
Cohen's d 0.22 0.29 0.29 0.59 0.10 0.23
M-L Pretest 4.19 ± 2.16 4.24 ± 2.44 3.63 ± 1.85 3.59 ± 2.42 2.63 ± 1.53 2.59 ± 1.62
Posttest 3.64 ± 1.98 3.57 ± 1.96 2.53 ± 1.561) 2.16 ± 1.823) 2.16 ± 0.821) 1.96 ± 0.873)
Δ −0.55 ± 0.07 −0.67 ± 0.08 −1.15 ± 0.09 −1.43 ± 0.60 −0.47 ± 0.09 −0.63 ± 0.04
Cohen's d 0.26 0.30 0.64 0.66 0.38 0.48
FEC Area Pretest 5.11 ± 1.68 5.10 ± 2.84 4.76 ± 1.97 4.78 ± 1.84 3.39 ± 1.56 3.24 ± 1.53
Posttest 4.71 ± 1.54 3.64 ± 2.263)5) 4.20 ± 1.76 3.96 ± 1.624)5) 2.98 ± 1.32 2.46 ± 1.363)5)
Δ −0.40 ± 0.14 −1.46 ± 0.58 −0.56 ± 0.21 −0.82 ± 0.22 −0.41 ± 0.34 −0.78 ± 0.17
Cohen's d 0.24 0.56 0.29 0.47 0.28 0.53
Length Pretest 113.51 ± 38.03 110.17 ± 43.17 85.32 ± 27.59 85.53 ± 26.61 55.09 ± 19.90 53.75 ± 12.81
Posttest 88.32 ± 30.111) 78.57 ± 29.343)5) 68.20 ± 20.741) 64.52 ± 20.973) 45.42 ± 15.881) 42.79 ± 10.343)5)
Δ −25.19 ± 8.13 −31.63 ± 14.23 −17.12 ± 6.85 −21.01 ± 5.64 −9.67 ± 4.02 −10.04 ± 2.47
Cohen's d 0.73 0.85 0.70 0.87 0.53 0.94
A-P Pretest 4.19 ± 1.34 4.02 ± 1.59 3.69 ± 1.12 3.67 ± 1.13 3.12 ± 0.88 3.09 ± 0.86
Posttest 3.92 ± 1.11 3.69 ± 1.13 3.11 ± 0.991) 2.89 ± 0.783)5) 2.89 ± 0.78 2.48 ± 0.46
Δ −0.27 ± 0.23 −0.33 ± 0.46 −0.58 ± 0.1 −0.78 ± ±0.35 −0.23 ± 0.10 −0.61 ± 0.40
Cohen's d 0.21 0.23 0.54 0.80 0.27 0.88
M-L Pretest 5.25 ± 2.14 5.22 ± 1.84 4.48 ± 1.11 4.47 ± 0.93 3.81 ± 0.69 3.86 ± 0.88
Posttest 4.31 ± 1.781) 4.12 ± 1.433) 3.94 ± 1.021) 3.76 ± 1.033) 3.49 ± 0.501) 3.29 ± 0.753)
Δ −0.94 ± 0.36 −1.10 ± 0.41 −0.54 ± 0.09 −0.71 ± 0.90 −0.32 ± 0.19 −0.57 ± 0.13
Cohen's d 0.47 0.66 0.50 0.72 0.53 0.75
SFEO Area Pretest 20.71 ± 8.03 20.56 ± 8.54 17.98 ± 7.40 18.11 ± 7.67 12.81 ± 4.59 12.71 ± 4.88
Posttest 17.73 ± 5.681) 15.66 ± 5.164)5) 15.95 ± 6.23 14.97 ± 5.583)6) 10.41 ± 3.031) 9.52 ± 3.793)5)
Δ −2.98 ± 0.35 −4.90 ± 2.38 −2.03 ± 1.17 −3.14 ± 1.05 −2.40 ± 1.56 −3.19 ± 1.09
Cohen's d 0.42 0.69 0.28 0.46 0.61 0.73
Length Pretest 123.15 ± 26.41 112.06 ± 28.06 98.33 ± 31.45 99.85 ± 26.10 70.45 ± 13.34 69.06 ± 13.92
Posttest 105.76 ± 23.791) 103.17 ± 22.463) 87.38 ± 21.251) 85.73 ± 15.424)5) 63.05 ± 7.691) 59.38 ± 8.623)5)
Δ −18.39 ± 3.41 −18.89 ± 5.60 −10.95 ± 4.25 −14.12 ± 3.07 −7.45 ± 2.16 −9.68 ± 2.27
Cohen's d 0.69 0.74 0.40 0.65 0.67 0.83
A-P Pretest 9.39 ± 4.05 9.44 ± 4.13 5.38 ± 2.04 5.34 ± 1.48 4.54 ± 1.09 4.55 ± 1.11
Posttest 8.29 ± 3.62 8.22 ± 3.453)5) 4.88 ± 1.94 4.43 ± 1.233) 4.39 ± 1.02 4.29 ± 1.00
Δ −1.10 ± 0.43 −1.22 ± 0.26 −0.50 ± 0.10 −0.81 ± 0.25 −0.15 ± 0.07 −0.26 ± 0.11
Cohen's d 0.28 0.32 0.25 0.66 0.14 0.24
M-L Pretest 9.27 ± 2.81 9.11 ± 2.59 5.85 ± 1.80 5.72 ± 1.84 4.72 ± 1.11 4.52 ± 1.83
Posttest 7.27 ± 2.311) 7.04 ± 2.233)5) 4.87 ± 1.261) 4.30 ± 1.724)5) 4.28 ± 1.011) 3.22 ± 1.773)5)
Δ −2.00 ± 0.50 −2.07 ± 0.36 −0.982 ± 0.54 −1.42 ± 0.12 −0.44 ± 0.10 −1.30 ± 0.06
Cohen's d 0.77 0.85 0.63 0.79 0.41 0.72

Note. FEO: both feet with eyes open; FEC: both feet with eyes closed; SFEO: a single foot with eyes open; A-P: anterior-posterior; M-L: medial-lateral. Units: area: cm2; length: cm; A-P: cm; M-L: cm.