Table 5.

Operation-wise energy use (MJ ha⁻¹) in rice–wheat and rice–maize cropping systems as influenced by residue management and TCE practices (2-year mean)

	Treatment	Land preparation	Sowing/transplanting	Residue management	Fertilizer management	Irrigation	Inter-culture	Chemical weed management	Plant protection	Harvest/threshing	Total input energy
		(MJ ha−1)
Rice–wheat	Residue management
	Residue removal	2138	2379	–	28,529	29,678	35	565	82	900	64,307
	Residue retention	2138	2379	67,040	28,529	29,678	71	565	82	900	131,382
	TCE practice
	CTTPR-CT	6544	2469	30,321	28,529	36,678	–	189	82	900	105,711
	NPTPR-ZT	2008	2170	32,959	28,529	26,835	–	573	82	900	94,057
	ZTTPR-ZT	–	2170	34,197	28,529	26,835	–	749	82	900	93,462
	ZTDSR-ZT	–	2708	36,602	28,529	28,364	212	749	82	900	98,146
Rice–maize	Residue management
	Residue removal	2138	1090	–	28,508	28,492	35	709	349	794	62,115
	Residue retention	2138	1090	71,452	28,508	28,492	71	709	349	889	133,697
	TCE practice
	CTTPR-CT	6544	1078	32,084	28,508	35,492	–	333	349	842	105,229
	NPTPR-ZT	2008	914	34,851	28,508	25,649	–	717	349	842	93,838
	ZTTPR-ZT	–	914	37,780	28,508	25,649	–	893	349	842	94,934
	ZTDSR-ZT	–	1452	38,190	28,508	27,178	212	893	349	842	97,624