TABLE 3.
Summary of the in vivo screening of probiotic strains against Campylobacter in poultry.
| Probiotic(s) | Probiotic Origin(s) | Pathogen | Methods | Reduction | Mechanisms | References |
| Bifidobacterium longum PCB 133 | Infant feces | C. jejuni CIP 70.2T, LMG 8842 and 221/05 | •15–20 days old chickens treated with B. longum suspension daily for 15 days | •One log reduction after 15 days administration | Not specified | Santini et al., 2010 |
| Bacillus subtilis (enhanced motility) | 14-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks | C. jejuni | •Selected motility enhanced strains fed to chicks daily from day of hatch •At 7 days, challenged with C. jejuni |
•The motile isolates achieved 1–2 log CFU/g reduction •Least 0.5 log CFU/g more reductions than original probiotic isolates did |
Swimming ability of motile strains enable them reach C. jejuni. Compete for nutrients, binding sites, and produce antimicrobial compound | Aguiar et al., 2013 |
| L. gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) | Human feces | C. jejuni 81–176 | •Day old chicks orally inoculated 106 CFU of C. jejuni •24 h post-inoculation, L. gasseri (108 CFU) fed ad libitum in diet •14 days post-inoculation, cecal contents quantified for C. jejuni |
•About 250-fold decrease at 14 days post-inoculation •Less colonization in mucosal surface |
Co-aggregation with C. jejuni and other unknown mechanisms | Nishiyama et al., 2014 |
| L. plantarum PA18A | Privately owned and commercial chicken stools | C. jejuni | •Challenged at 14 days •Tested at 4 and 8 days after infection |
•1 log10 reduction at 4 days after infection | Did not mention mechanisms, could be lactic acid production | Kobierecka et al., 2017 |
| L. salivarius SMXD51 | Chicken ceca | C. jejuni C97ANSES640 | •The L. salivarius SMXD51 culture (107 CFU) were orally administered 1 day after hatching then every 2–3 days until 35 days •C. jejuni (104 CFU) challenged at day 11 •Immune response evaluated by RT-qPCR: IL-8 and K60 |
•C. jejuni in cecal contents: 0.82 log at 14 days •2.81 log at 35 days •The IL-8 and K60 expression in cecal tonsil significantly increased at 35-day chicken with L. salivarius |
Reduction not directly through bacteriocin Inhibition of adhesion and/or immune modulation Combination of these three | Saint-Cyr et al., 2017 |
| PoultryStar sol (Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium animalis, L. salivarius, L. reuteri) | Multispecies probiotic product | C. jejuni 3015/2010 | •C. jejuni infected chickens orally at day of hatch •At the same day, probiotic product was added to drinking water 2 or 20 mg/bird/day to chickens |
•Reduction in cecal colonization: •8 days post-challenge (3.77–5.81 log10 CFU/g reduction) •15 days post-challenge (5.5–5.85 log10 CFU/g reduction) |
Not investigated, likely to be the production of antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids | Ghareeb et al., 2012 |
| Lavipan (multispecies probiotic): Lactococcus lactis IBB 500, Carnobacterium divergens S-1, L. casei OCK 0915, L0915, L. plantarum OCK 0862, Saccharomyces cerevisiae OCK 0141 | Chicken feces, turkey feces, carp gut, plant silage | Campylobacter spp. (field study) | •Lavipan supplemented diet fed ad libitum •37 days, birds processed •Feces, pectoral muscles and environmental samples were tested for Campylobacter |
• Feces samples: no reduction (<0.5 log CFU/ml) •Pectoral muscle: no reduction Environmental samples: >1 log CFU/ml reduction |
Not specified | Smialek et al., 2018 |