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. 2020 Oct 6;99(1):1–20. doi: 10.1007/s00109-020-01988-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

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Fig. 3 — Amino acid catabolism caused by ARG1 and IDO triggers a shortage of l-arginine and tryptophan, disturbing the homeostasis of host tissues. IDO activates the kynurenine pathway which produces several toxic metabolites. GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling inhibits protein synthesis and activates the integrated stress response. ARG1, arginase 1; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; eIF2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α; GCN2, general control non-depressible 2; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin