| WHO Global Strategy [99] |
”Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem that needs urgent action”. |
Reducing the disease burden and the spread of infection. Improving access to appropriate antimicrobials. Improving use of antimicrobials. Strengthening health systems and their surveillance capabilities. Enforcing regulations and legislation. Encouraging the development of appropriate new drugs and vaccines. |
2001 |
| US Academy of Sciences [100] |
”What is perhaps most notable today is the increasing degree to which microbial resistance has become an important health threat”. |
Implementing and expanding surveillance efforts. Expanding professional education and training. Conducting economic studies to complement epidemiological studies. |
2003 |
| WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines [88] |
”Antimicrobial resistance is one of the world’s most serious public health problems”. |
Mandated multidisciplinary national task force to coordinate policies and strategies to contain AMR. National reference microbiology laboratory coordinating a network of reliable diagnostic microbiology laboratories. Public education on preventing infection and reducing transmission. Provider education on diagnosis and management of common infections, antimicrobial use, containment of AMR, disease prevention, infection control. Development, updating and use of essential medicines lists and clinical guidelines. Infection Control Committees to implement infection control programmes in hospitals. Drug and Therapeutics Committees and antimicrobial subcommittees to promote the safe, effective use of antimicrobials. Restriction of availability of antimicrobials. Granting marketing authorisation only to antimicrobials meeting international standards of quality, safety and efficacy. Controlling non-human use of antimicrobials. |
2005 |
| Lancet Commission [93] |
”The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society;
the consequences affect everybody inthe world. Similarities with climate change are evident”.
|
Measuring the extent of the problem and its consequences. Regulation, rational use and infection control in human medicine. The need for rapid diagnostics. The animal sector and the environment. New antibiotics and alternative strategies. Governmental coordination and action. Global governance. |
2013 |
| Transatlantic Taskforce [76] |
”AMR is not a new phenomenon; however, the current magnitude of the problem and the speed with whichnew resistance phenotypes haveemerged elevates the public health significance of this issue”.
|
Antimicrobial stewardship in human medicine Surveillance of antimicrobial use in human and veterinary communities Risk analysis on foodborne AMR. Campaigns to promote appropriate use in human medicine. Surveillance of drug-resistant infections. Prevention strategies. Incentives to stimulate development of new antibacterial drugs in human medicine. Research to support the development of new antibacterial drugs. Regulatory approaches for antibacterial products. |
2014 |
| WHO Global Action Plan [58] |
”Antimicrobial resistance threatens the very core of modern medicine and
the sustainability of an effective, global public health response to the enduring threat from infectious
diseases”.
|
Improving awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication, education and training. Strengthening the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research. Reducing the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures. Optimizing the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health. Developing the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions. |
2015 |
| Swedish National Strategy [97] |
“Antibiotic resistance is a global fate issue that affects us all”. |
Increasing knowledge through enhanced monitoring. Continuing strong preventive measures Responsible use of antibiotics. Increased knowledge to prevent and fight bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance with new methods. Increased knowledge in the community about antibiotic resistance and countermeasures. Supporting structures and systems. Leadership within the EU and international cooperation. |
2016 |
| ReAct [60] |
”Antibiotic resistance must be included in the work on sustainable development, and should be seen as a strong additional reason to urgently increase the work on the Sustainable Development Goals”. |
Integrating antibiotic resistance into the development agenda. Developing indicators. Strengthening governance. Stepping up awareness-raising. Implementing interventions with known effect. |
2018 |
| The UN Interagency Coordination Group [62] |
”Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis that threatens a century of progress in health and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals”. |
Accelerating progress in countries. Innovating to secure the future. Collaborating for more effective action. Investing for a sustainable response. Strengthening accountability and global governance. |
2019 |
