Table 3.

Top 10 candidate pathways, based on the similarity of m/z using Mummichog, that differentiated opium users from controls.

Pathway name	aPathway total	bHits.total	cHits.sig	dGamma	ePathway Number
Androgen and estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism	95	69	66	0.002824	P0
Drug metabolism–cytochrome P450	53	51	48	0.002989	P1
C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism	112	77	70	0.003025	P2
Pentose phosphate pathway	37	34	33	0.003062	P3
Tryptophan metabolism	94	69	63	0.003068	P4
Tyrosine metabolism	160	88	77	0.003865	P5
Fructose and mannose metabolism	33	25	23	0.006684	P6
Pentose and Glucuronate Interconversions	15	12	12	0.007655	P7
Caffeine metabolism	11	11	11	0.009114	P8
Lysine metabolism	52	30	26	0.014088	P9

^aPathway total indicates the overall number of metabolites that are included in a specific pathway.

^bHits.total indicates the number of measured signals that are matched (m/z error <3 ppm) with the metabolites included in the pathway.

^cHits.sig indicates the number of matched signals that were significantly changed between phenotypic groups.

^dGamma is an adjusted Fisher's p-value (null distribution) calculated after permutations to determine the significance of the enriched pathway in Mummichog/ Metaboanalyst (24, 25).

^ePathway Number listed in the table corresponds to that in Figure 2.