Table 1.

Applications of VAMS in Human (Clinical Trials)

Compound	Sampling Technique, Matrix	Analytical Technique	Analytical Objective	Reference
Caffeine Paraxanthine	VAMS; Human blood	UPLC-MS/MS	To evaluate the potential of VAMS to eliminate the Hct effect and to evaluate the practical applicability and robustness of VAMS	49
Emixustat	VAMS; Human whole blood	LC-MS/MS	To assess the potential for bridging PK data from plasma and blood collected via VAMS.	44
Fosfomycin	VAMS; Human blood	LC-MS/MS	To perform an investigation into the extraction performance of the VAMS technique and to study the suitability of VAMS that would in a clinical PK study.	50
Vancomycin	VAMS, DPS; human plasma	LC-MS/MS	To evaluate changes to extraction recovery across time for one analyte, the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin, in plasma using two dried microsampling formats, DPS and VAMS	51
Sulfur mustard	VAMS; human plasma	LC-ESI MS/MS	To generate dried plasma samples not liable to the shipping constraints	52
Cathinone analogues	VAMS; Human blood, urine and oral fluids	LC-MS/MS	To enhance and simplify drug concentration determination, in order to provide high- throughput reliable results and to establish methodology as a simple, feasible and reliable approach to determine the main synthetic cathinones in dried urine, plasma and oral fluid samples	53
Metoprolol, Midazolam, atorvastatin, tamoxifen, Amiodarone	VAMS; Human blood	LC-MS/MS	To evaluate systematically extraction efficiency of drug molecules in VAMS dried blood samples and to assess the impact of blood Hct level.	54
Salbutamol	VAMS; Human blood	GC-MS	To develop a simple, high throughput, quantitative assay for measurement of Salbutamol in micro-volume samples and to measure concentrations in the therapeutic and toxic range.	55
Miltefosine	VAMS; Human whole blood	LC-MS/MS	To develop and validate an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of Miltefosine in dried blood collected with the VAMS device and to compare performance with the previously published DBS method.	18
Atenolol, Lisinopril, Simvastatin Valsartan	VAMS, DBS; Human blood	LC–HRAM MS	To compare the two-sampling methods DBS and VAMS and to demonstrate the potential utility of VAMS.	56
Praziquantel	VAMS, DBS; Human whole blood	LC-MS/MS	To compare the quantification of the anthelmintic drug Praziquantel extracted from DBS and VAMS.	57
Oxycodone	VAMS; Human whole blood and urine	LC-MS/MS	To explore VAMS suitability as an approach to urine sampling for anti-doping purposes and to compare the microsampling with classical sampling.	58
Protein analytes	VAMS, DBS (FTA-DMPK cards GE Healthcare); Human whole blood	NanoLC- SRM-MS	To study quantitative method performance parameters such as the effect of blood hematocrit, matrix effects, response curve, repeatability and accuracy using concentration levels corresponding to the levels of medium to high abundance proteins in the blood.	15
Everolimus	VAMS; Human blood	LC-MS/MS	To validate an LC-MS/MS method to quantify Everolimus using VAMS and to demonstrate its application and to investigate a range of Hct values.	59
Hydroxyurea	DBS (Whatman 903 and FTA classic cards, GE Health), VAMS; Human blood	LC-MS/MS	To establish an analytically sensitive and specific method for the measurement of hydroxyurea in small volumes of whole blood obtained from pediatric patients and to achieve substantial technical improvement over existing methods in affording the routine analysis.	60
Voriconazole	VAMS; Human blood	LC-MS/MS	To develop a sensitive assay for measuring Voriconazole and its major metabolites in a small volume of blood.	61
Adalimumab Ustekinumab Vedolizumab Tocilizumab Natalizumab Rituximab Infliximab	VAMS; Human blood	ELISA	To measure drug levels of several therapeutic antibodies and to use an alternative (Mitra) microsampler to sampling capillary blood by traditional DBS on filter paper.	62