Table 3.
Comparison of lifestyle behavior and chronic constipation between cases and controls.
| Variables | Controls n (%) | Cases n (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | |||||
| Never | 186 (96.37) | 187 (96.89) | Ref | Ref | 0.780 |
| Former | 5 (2.59) | 4 (2.07) | 0.80 (0.22–2.98) | 0.68 (0.16–2.84) | |
| Current | 2 (1.04) | 2 (1.04) | 1.00 (0.14–7.10) | 1.72 (0.18–16.06) | |
| Wiping after toilet use | |||||
| Front to back | 155 (80.31) | 109 (56.48) | Ref | Ref | <0.001 |
| Back to front | 38 (19.69) | 84 (43.52) | 3.71 (2.17–6.33) | 4.35 (2.38–7.94) | |
| Sedentary behavior | |||||
| <2 hours/day | 142 (73.58) | 112 (58.03) | Ref | Ref | <0.001 |
| 2–4 hours/day | 36 (18.65) | 37 (19.17) | 1.39 (0.80–2.41) | 1.20 (0.66–2.16) | |
| 4–6 hours/day | 9 (4.66) | 30 (15.54) | 4.02 (1.81–8.92) | 4.67 (2.01–10.87) | |
| >6 hours/day | 6 (3.11) | 14 (7.25) | 2.90 (1.07–7.87) | 2.90 (1.01–8.36) | |
| Delayed voiding | |||||
| Never/rarely | 158 (81.87) | 77 (39.90) | Ref | Ref | <0.001 |
| Sometimes | 25 (12.95) | 70 (36.27) | 5.91 (3.07–11.40) | 5.63 (2.83–11.20) | |
| Always/often | 10 (5.18) | 46 (23.83) | 7.18 (3.25–15.88) | 7.78 (3.34–18.12) | |
| Chronic constipation | |||||
| Never/rarely | 103 (53.37) | 33 (17.10) | Ref | Ref | <0.001 |
| Sometimes | 56 (29.02) | 82 (42.49) | 4.61 (2.55–8.33) | 4.47 (2.39–8.36) | |
| Frequent | 34 (17.62) | 78 (40.41) | 7.56 (3.91–14.63) | 8.98 (4.32–18.63) | |
| Having a bath | |||||
| By standing | 154 (79.79) | 161 (83.42) | Ref | Ref | |
| By sitting | 39 (20.21) | 32 (16.58) | 0.78 (0.46–1.32) | 0.86 (0.49–1.50) | 0.591 |
a
OR: adjusted for body mass index, time since the last menstrual period, marital status, education level, and number of deliveries. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference.