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. 2020 Dec 22;8:615264. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615264

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Copyright © 2020 Yahya, Morosan-Puopolo and Brand-Saberi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model of myogenic programs in the facial and neck muscles. Pitx2, Capsulin and Msc are required for the Myf5 and MyoD activation in the BA1-derived muscle progenitor cells. Tbx1 is required for initiation of myogenic progression in the BA2. Non-somitic neck (cucullaris) muscle development is controlled by Mef2c-AHF, Isl1 and Mesp1. The genetic network for somite-derived (epaxial) neck muscles involves both Mesp1 and Pax3 genes. CXCR4 is required for the migration of the BA2-derived and non-somitic neck muscle progenitor cells. MRF, Myogenic regulatory factors.