Table 2.
Recently developed detection methods and their parameters in SARS-CoV-2 detection
| Type | Target | Biomaterials | Advantages | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasmonic fiber optic absorbance biosensor | N protein | Gold nanoparticles | Label-free | [29] |
| Smartphone-based microfluidic | Nucleic acid | Complementary metal oxide semiconductor | Fast | [30] |
| Electrowetting-on-Dielectric | Nucleic acid | Indium tin oxide | Small testing volume, fast, safeguard against contamination | [31] |
| Microfluidic ELISA | Monoclonal anti-S1 antibodies | Glass capillary | Small testing volume, fast, point-of-care | [32] |
| Lateral flow immunoassay | IgM/IgG antibody | Selenium nanoparticle | Sensitivity of the kit is 94.74% and the specificity is 95.12%, portable, fast | [33] |
| Lateral flow immunoassay | IgG antibody | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Sensitivity of the kit is 69.1% and the specificity is 100%, portable, fast | [34] |
| Lateral flow immunoassay | IgM antibody | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Sensitivity of the kit is 100% and the specificity is 93.3%, portable, fast | [35] |
| Lateral flow immunoassay | IgM/IgG antibody | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | The overall testing sensitivity is 88.66% and specificity is 90.63 | [36] |
| chemiluminescent immunoassays | IgM/IgG antibody | Magnetic microbeads | 100% sensitivity for IgG and 88% sensitivity for IgM | [37] |
| Immunochromatography assay (GICA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | IgM antibody | Colloidal gold | Reducing false-positive results | [38] |
| Colorimetric assay | Nucleic acid | Gold nanoparticles | Naked-eye detection | [39] |
| Flow-virometry | Virus particles | Magnetic nano-particles | Large-scale detection | [40] |
| Immunochromatographic assay | Nucleoprotein antigen | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Sensitivity of the kit is 30.2% and the specificity is 100%, fast | [41] |
| Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) | Virus particles | Silver-nanorod array | Rapid and on-site diagnostic tool | [42] |