Table 2.
Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality comparing long- versus short-acting erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
| Region | N | Long-acting, % | Model 1 unadjusted | Model 2 adjusted | Model 3 plus ESA dose |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 65,706 | 44% | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) |
| By region | |||||
| North America | 48,118 | 41% | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) |
| Japan | 5547 | 63% | 1.29 (1.03–1.61) | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) |
| Europe | 12,041 | 48% | 0.86 (0.78–0.96) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) |
Cox regression models accounting for within-facility clustering using a using robust sandwich covariance estimator. All models stratified by Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study phase, country, and dialysis organization size (within the United States). Model 2 adjusted for age, years on dialysis, sex, black race, catheter use, 13 comorbidities (Supplementary Table S1), albumin, creatinine, postdialysis weight, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and intravenous iron dose; an additional adjustment was made for C-reactive protein in Japan and Europe, where C-reactive protein is measured routinely.