Table. Association of Individual Dietary and Lifestyle Factors With Risk for Incident Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease Symptomsa.
| Dietary or lifestyle factor | Low-risk definition | Person-years at low risk (%) | HR (95% CI) | PAR (95% CI), %b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted | Multivariableb | ||||
| Smoking | Never smoker | 268 466 (68) | 0.90 (0.86-0.94) | 0.94 (0.90-0.99) | 3 (0-6) |
| Coffee, soda, and tea intake | ≤2 Cups/d | 126 456 (32) | 0.90 (0.86-0.94) | 0.92 (0.88-0.97) | 4 (1-7) |
| Food intake | Top 40% of prudent dietary pattern scores | 160 039 (41) | 0.81 (0.78-0.85) | 0.87 (0.84-0.91) | 7 (6-8) |
| Physical activity | ≥30 min Moderate-to-vigorous activity (eg, brisk walking) | 190 813 (49) | 0.78 (0.75-0.81) | 0.91 (0.87-0.95) | 8 (6-11) |
| BMI | 18.5-24.9 | 184 170 (47) | 0.62 (0.60-0.65) | 0.69 (0.66-0.72) | 19 (15-23) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by square of height in meters); HR, hazard ratio; PAR, population-attributable risk.
a
Includes 9291 cases.
b
Adjusted for age, calendar period, total caloric intake, use of medications that may decrease the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (ie, calcium channel blockers, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants), use of menopausal hormones, proton-pump inhibitors, or histamine receptor antagonists, history of diabetes, and intake of alcohol (in g/d) and mutually adjusted for the other lifestyle factors. Estimates for gastrointestinal reflux disease symptoms are based on nonadherence to each factor.