Table 2. Associations Between Clinical Risk Factors and 30-Day All-Cause Mortality in Symptomatic Nursing Home Residents Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2.
| Risk factor | Patients with COVID-19, No. | Deaths, No. (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||
| Age group, y | ||||
| <65 | 765 | 44 (6) | 0.24 (0.16-0.37) | 0.23 (0.15-0.34) |
| 65-69 | 539 | 67 (12) | 0.57 (0.41-0.80) | 0.56 (0.40-0.78) |
| 70-74 | 687 | 108 (16) | 0.74 (0.54-1.02) | 0.74 (0.55-1.01) |
| 75-79 | 697 | 138 (20) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 80-84 | 789 | 215 (27) | 1.47 (1.15-1.89) | 1.46 (1.14-1.86) |
| 85-89 | 784 | 222 (28) | 1.55 (1.20-2.01) | 1.59 (1.25-2.03) |
| ≥90 | 994 | 334 (34) | 1.90 (1.53-2.36) | 2.14 (1.70-2.69) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 2051 | 451 (22) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Female | 3185 | 671 (21) | 0.90 (0.78-1.04) | 0.69 (0.60-0.80) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 3741 | 859 (23) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 909 | 164 (18) | 0.75 (0.61-0.92) | 0.77 (0.62-0.96) |
| Othera | 586 | 99 (17) | 0.67 (0.50-0.89) | 0.60 (0.45-0.81) |
| ADL score | ||||
| 0-13 | 1327 | 209 (16) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 14-18 | 1320 | 221 (17) | 1.05 (0.84-1.32) | 0.98 (0.77-1.25) |
| 19-20 | 1179 | 288 (24) | 1.77 (1.41-2.23) | 1.49 (1.18-1.88) |
| 21-28 | 1410 | 404 (29) | 2.15 (1.71-2.70) | 1.64 (1.30-2.08) |
| Cognitive function | ||||
| Cognitively intact | 2023 | 275 (14) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Impairment | ||||
| Mild | 1179 | 202 (17) | 1.28 (1.04-1.59) | 1.11 (0.89-1.39) |
| Moderate | 1547 | 469 (30) | 2.61 (2.14-3.19) | 2.09 (1.68-2.59) |
| Severe | 463 | 165 (36) | 3.36 (2.58-4.39) | 2.79 (2.14-3.66) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Heart failure | ||||
| No | 4035 | 870 (22) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1201 | 252 (21) | 0.95 (0.78-1.15) | 0.90 (0.74-1.10) |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||
| No | 4009 | 841 (21) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1227 | 281 (23) | 1.14 (0.97-1.33) | 1.03 (0.86-1.23) |
| Asthma or COPD | ||||
| No | 3870 | 850 (22) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1366 | 272 (20) | 0.90 (0.77-1.06) | 1.00 (0.84-1.17) |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| No | 3851 | 783 (20) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1385 | 339 (24) | 1.29 (1.08-1.54) | 1.33 (1.11-1.61) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 1120 | 247 (22) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 4116 | 875 (21) | 1.00 (0.84-1.19) | 0.81 (0.69-0.96) |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||||
| No | 3124 | 695 (22) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 2112 | 427 (20) | 0.87 (0.76-0.99) | 1.21 (1.05-1.40) |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | ||||
| No | 2602 | 472 (18) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 2654 | 657 (25) | 1.54 (1.33-1.78) | 1.66 (1.41-1.96) |
| Shortness of breath | ||||
| No | 4674 | 905 (19) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 582 | 224 (38) | 2.78 (2.29-3.38) | 2.52 (2.00-3.16) |
| Tachycardia | ||||
| No | 4356 | 886 (20) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 900 | 243 (27) | 1.96 (1.60, 2.41) | 1.31 (1.04-1.64) |
| Hypoxia | ||||
| No | 4277 | 798 (19) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 979 | 331 (34) | 2.15 (1.76-2.62) | 2.05 (1.68-2.50) |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
a
Includes the following groups: Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native.