Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the review of the intimate partner violence and breastfeeding outcomes
| Reference | Study design | Country | Setting | Sample size | Age | Tool to measure IPV | Outcome measures | Quality |
| Madsen et al32 | Cohort | Tanzania | Hospital | 1128 | 20–30 | Interview (from WHO multicountry study) | Premature termination of exclusive BF | Good |
| Martin-de-las-Heras et al33 | Cohort | Spain | Antenatal care clinic | 718 | >20–40+ | ISA | BF avoidance (initiation) | Fair |
| Miller-Graff et al20 | Cohort | USA | Women, infant and children clinic | 69 | 26.5 (mean) | CTS | BF exclusivity, initiation and cessation | Fair |
| Tiwari et al21 | Cross-sectional | India | Household | 26 587 | 15–49 | CTS-2 | BF duration | Good |
| Wallenborn et al22 | Cross-sectional | USA | PRAMS (Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System) | 195 264 | <20–35+ | Questionnaire | BF initiation and duration | Good |
| Boyce et al23 | Cross-sectional | India | Household | 10 469 | 20–29 | Questionnaire | Early BF initiation and exclusivity | Good |
| Finnbogadottir and Thies-Lagergren24 | Cross-sectional | Sweden | Project: ‘Pregnant women and new mother’s life experience’ | 713 | 30 (mean) | Norvold Abuse Questionnaire | Exclusive BF | Poor |
| Holland et al25 | Cross-sectional | USA | PRAMS | 760 | 20–29 | Questionnaire (based on CDC’s monitoring system) | BF initiation, duration and exclusivity | Unsatisfactory |
| Hasselmann et al34 | Cohort | Brazil | Primary health clinic | 564 | <20–20+ | CTS-1 | Interruption of exclusive BF | Poor |
| Islam et al26 | Cross-sectional | India | Community-based survey | 426 | 14–25+ | Questionnaire (based on WHO demographic health survey) | Exclusive BF | Good |
| Sørbø et al35 | Cohort | Norway | The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study | 53 934 | 14–35+ | Norvold Abuse Questionnaire | Early cessation of any BF | Fair |
| James et al27 | Cross-sectional (embedded from an RCT) | Australia | Improving maternal and child health nurse care for vulnerable mothers | 2621 | 15–35+ | CAS | BF duration | Unsatisfactory |
| Moraes et al28 | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Public health centre | 811 | <20–20+ | CTS-2 | Early cessation of exclusive BF | Good |
| Shroff et al29 | Cross-sectional (embedded from an RCT) | India | Household | 600 (mother–infant pairs) | 22.14 (mean) | Questionnaire | Exclusive BF | Unsatisfactory |
| Lau and Chan30 | Cross-sectional | Hong Kong | – | 1150 | <25–20+ | AAS, CTS | BF and mixed feeding | Good |
| Silverman et al31 | Cross-sectional | USA | PRAMS | 118 579 | <20–30+ | Questionnaire | BF initiation and early cessation | Satisfactory |
AAS, abuse assessment screen; BF, breastfeeding; CAS, composite abuse scale; CDC, centers for disease control and prevention; CTS, conflict-tactic scale; IPV, intimate partner violence; ISA, index of spouse abuse; RCT, randomised controlled trial.