Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to frailty status
| Characteristics | Total cohort | Non-frail | Frail† | P value |
| N (%) | 256 | 85 (33.2) | 171 (66.8) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 86 (81–90) | 83 (75–87) | 88 (84–91) | <0.001* |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 76 (29.7) | 17 (20.0) | 59 (34.5) | 0.017* |
| Male | 180 (70.3) | 68 (80.0) | 112 (65.5) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Current | 29 (11.3) | 11 (12.9) | 18 (10.5) | 0.288 |
| Previous | 71 (27.7) | 28 (32.9) | 43 (25.1) | |
| Never | 156 (60.9) | 46 (54.1) | 110 (64.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22.9 (4.3) | 24.2 (3.8) | 22.3 (4.4) | 0.001* |
| Barthel Index, median (IQR) | 65 (40–95) | 95 (85–100) | 50 (20–70) | <0.001* |
| CCI, median (IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–6) | <0.001* |
| MNA-SF, median (IQR) | 10 (7–12) | 12 (11–14) | 9 (7–11) | <0.001* |
| Malnutrition, n (%)‡ | 71 (27.7) | 6 (7.1) | 65 (38.0) | |
| SCAP§, n (%) | 57 (22.3) | 8 (9.41) | 49 (28.65) | <0.001* |
| PCT (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 0.28 (0.21–0.44) | 0.27 (0.20–0.37) | 0.29 (0.21–0.55) | 0.149 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 25.89 (5.79–61.41) | 19.63 (4.19–54.29) | 27.08 (7.56–62.43) | 0.129 |
| WBC (×109/L), median (IQR) | 7.65 (5.57–11.06) | 7.02 (5.64–9.01) | 8.02 (5.51–12.33) | 0.043* |
| HGB (g/L), median (IQR) | 121 (108–133) | 127 (120–136) | 115 (100–128) | <0.001* |
| Scr (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 76.9 (61.6–96.8) | 78.6 (67.4–90.5) | 75.2 (59.5–101.6) | 0.72 |
| BUN (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 5.98 (4.58–7.94) | 5.99 (4.30–7.01) | 5.98 (4.79–8.65) | 0.039* |
| ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 14 (10–22) | 15 (11–22) | 13 (10–21) | 0.058 |
| ALB (g/L), mean (SD) | 32.46 (4.39) | 34.38 (4.22) | 31.50 (4.16) | <0.001* |
| PA (g/L), mean (SD) | 16.92 (6.19) | 18.74 (6.41) | 15.98 (5.88) | 0.001* |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 14 (5.5) | 0 (0) | 14 (8.19) | 0.015* |
| 1-year mortality, n (%) | 43 (16.8) | 0 (0) | 43 (25.15) | <0.001* |
*P<0.05.
†Frailty was defined as Fried phenotype scores ≥3.
‡Malnutrition was defined as MNA-SF scores ≤7.
§SCAP was defined by IDSA/ATS criteria (2007).
ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CCI, Charlson’s Comorbidity Index; HGB, haemoglobin; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein; MNA-SF, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; PA, prealbumin; PCT, procalcitonin; SCAP, severe community-acquired pneumonia; Scr, serum creatinine; WBC, white blood cell.