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. 2020 Mar 2;65(1):68–91. doi: 10.1177/0306624X20909239

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies.

Author(s), pub. year N Program name Sample type Sex Outcome measurement Type of outcome measurement FU Effect size
Berry (1985) 57 SHAPE-UP Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 5 0.196
57 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—severity 5 0.459
Buckner & Chesney-Lind (1983) 200 Stay Straight Program Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 12 −0.104
200 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—frequency 12 −0.274
100 Delinquents F Official records Delinquency—proportions 12 0.305
100 Delinquents F Official records Delinquency—frequency 12 −0.055
Cook & Spirrison (1992) 176 Mississippi Project Aware Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—combination 12 0.093
176 Delinquents M Official records School dropout 12 0.594
Dean (1982) 28 Project Aware Wisconsin Delinquents M Self-report T-JTA: Hostility 0 0.278
28 Delinquents M Self-report T-JTA: Impulsivity 0 0.636
28 Delinquents M Self-report T-JTA: Indifference 0 0.382
28 Delinquents M Self-report T-JTA: Inhibition 0 0.374
28 Delinquents M Self-report LC: Internal 0 0.836
28 Delinquents M Self-report LC: Powerful others 0 0.120
28 Delinquents M Self-report LC: Chance 0 0.782
28 Delinquents M Self-report TN Personal self-concept 0 0.687
28 Delinquents M Self-report TN Family self-concept 0 −0.441
28 Delinquents M Self-report TN Social self-concept 0 −0.853
Finckenauer (1982) 40 Juvenile Awareness Project Nondelinquents B Official records Delinquency—proportions 6 −1.189
41 Delinquents B Official records Delinquency—proportions 6 −0.745
81 Both B Official records Delinquency—severity 6 −0.599
81 Both B Self-report ATOL - −0.139
81 Both B Self-report ATPC - 0.059
81 Both B Self-report SD: Crime - 0.541
81 Both B Self-report SD: Law - −0.014
81 Both B Self-report SD: Justice - 0.089
81 Both B Self-report SD: Prison - 0.267
81 Both B Self-report SD: Punishment - 0.103
81 Both B Self-report SD: I (myself) - −0.108
Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission (1979) 53 Menard Correctional Center Tours Nondelinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 10 0.350
58 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 10 −0.232
50 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 10 −0.608
53 Nondelinquents M Self-report Jesness: Asocial Index 0 −0.298
58 Delinquents M Self-report Jesness: Asocial Index 0 0.391
50 Delinquents M Self-report Jesness: Asocial Index 0 −0.284
53 Nondelinquents M Self-report PH Self-Concept Scale 0 −0.203
58 Delinquents M Self-report PH Self-Concept Scale 0 −0.056
50 Delinquents M Self-report PH Self-Concept Scale 0 −0.096
Langer (1980) 131 Juvenile Awareness Project Delinquents B Official records Delinquency—severity 10 0.293
131 Delinquents B Official records Delinquency—severity 22 0.678
Lewis (1983) 108 San Quentin Squires Program Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 12 −0.435
107 Delinquents M Self-report Attitudes toward crime 0 0.612
107 Delinquents M Self-report Attitudes toward police 0 0.321
107 Delinquents M Self-report Attitudes toward prison 0 0.187
107 Delinquents M Self-report Attitudes toward school 0 0.239
107 Delinquents M Self-report Attitudes toward camp 0 0.172
107 Delinquents M Self-report SD: Cell 0 0.370
107 Delinquents M Self-report SD: Crime 0 0.200
107 Delinquents M Self-report SD: Doing time 0 0.325
107 Delinquents M Self-report SD: Lock up 0 −0.235
107 Delinquents M Self-report SD: Other prisoners 0 −0.137
107 Delinquents M Self-report SD: Prison 0 0.248
Locke et al. (1986) 16 Kansas Juvenile Education Program Delinquents M Self-report Delinquency—frequency 6 1.288
16 Delinquents M Self-report Delinquency—frequency 6 −1.009
Michigan Department of Corrections (1967) 58 Ionia Reformatory Tour Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 6 −0.787
Orchowsky & Taylor (1981) 80 The Insiders Program Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 6 −0.052
47 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 9 0.595
36 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 12 0.553
80 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—frequency 6 0.152
47 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—frequency 9 0.676
36 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—frequency 12 0.832
80 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—severity 6 0.287
47 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—severity 9 0.822
36 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—severity 12 0.833
Vreeland (1981) 79 Face to Face Program: Prison only Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 6 −0.244
69 Delinquents M Self-report Delinquency—proportions 6 0.249
69 Delinquents M Self-report ATOL 6 0.438
69 Delinquents M Self-report Having delinquent friends 6 0.111
69 Delinquents M Self-report Deterrence—certainty 6 0.015
68 Delinquents M Self-report Deterrence—severity 6 −0.029
58 Delinquents M Self-report OSIQ: Family relations 6 0.139
58 Delinquents M Self-report OSIQ: Impulsivity 6 −0.384
59 Delinquents M Parent-report Jesness: Socal competence 6 −0.329
76 Face to Face Program: Prison + counsel Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 6 −0.244
64 Delinquents M Self-report Delinquency—proportions 6 0.252
64 Delinquents M Self-report ATOL 6 0.140
63 Delinquents M Self-report Having delinquent friends 6 0.068
63 Delinquents M Self-report Deterrence—certainty 6 −0.175
63 Delinquents M Self-report Deterrence—severity 6 0.428
53 Delinquents M Self-report OSIQ: Family relations 6 −0.156
53 Delinquents M Self-report OSIQ: Impulsivity 6 −0.182
62 Delinquents M Parent-report Jesness: Social competence 6 0.023
Yarborough (1979) 169 Juvenile Offenders Learn Truth Program Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 3 −0.049
84 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—proportions 6 −0.054
169 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—frequency 3 −0.252
84 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—frequency 6 −0.259
169 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—severity 3 0.122
82 Delinquents M Official records Delinquency—severity 6 −0.066

Note. Pub. year = publication year; N = total sample size; FU = follow-up duration in months; T-JTA = Taylor-Johnson Temperament analysis; LC = Levenson’s locus of control scale; TN = Tennesse Self Concept Scale; ATOL = attitudes toward obeying the law; ATPC = attitude toward punishment of criminals; SD = semantic differential scale; PH = Piers-Harris Childrens’s Self-Concept Scale; OSIQ = Offer Self-Image Questionnaire.