Table 2.
Results of the Moderator Analyses (Bivariate Models).
| Moderator variables | # studies | # ES | Intercept/mean d
[95% CI] |
β1 [95% CI] | F (df1, df2)a | p b | Level 2 variance | Level 3 variance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall effect | 13 | 88 | 0.099 [−0.040, 0.238] | .042*** | .039** | |||
| Study characteristics | ||||||||
| Year of publication | 13 | 88 | 0.090 [−0.035, 0.215] | 0.038 [0.006, 0.069]* | 5.658 (1, 86) | .020* | .039*** | .029* |
| Research design | 0.671 (1, 86) | .415 | .042*** | .045** | ||||
| RCT (RC) | 10 | 80 | 0.069 [−0.093, 0.232] | |||||
| Quasi-experimental | 3 | 8 | 0.217 [−0.104, 0.538] | 0.148 [−0.212, 0.508] | ||||
| Sample size | 13 | 88 | 0.101 [−0.046, 0.248] | −0.000 [−0.002, 0.002] | 0.014 (1, 86) | .906 | .043*** | .043** |
| Dropout percentage | 9 | 71 | 0.105 [−0.044, 0.254] | −0.004 [−0.011, 0.003] | 1.545 (1, 69) | .218 | .050*** | .028 |
| Sample type | 0.582 (1, 77) | .448 | .033** | .088** | ||||
| Delinquent (RC) | 13 | 75 | 0.064 [−0.127, 0.256] | |||||
| Nondelinquent | 2 | 4 | −0.096 [−0.534, 0.342] | −0.160 [−0.578, 0.258] | ||||
| Sex | 0.426 (2, 85) | .655 | .040*** | .055** | ||||
| Boys (RC) | 11 | 73 | 0.080 [−0.092, 0.252] | |||||
| Girls | 1 | 2 | 0.298 [−0.200, 0.796] | 0.217 [−0.272, 0.707] | ||||
| Both | 2 | 13 | 0.147 [−0.238, 0.531] | 0.066 [−0.355, 0.487] | ||||
| M age (in years) | 11 | 77 | 0.107 [−0.046, 0.260] | −0.036 [−0.233, 0.161] | 0.131 (1, 75) | .718 | .035*** | .040** |
| Percentage of non-Caucasians in samples | 9 | 61 | 0.128 [−0.028, 0.284] | 0.007 [−0.001, 0.016] | 2.764 (1, 59) | .102 | .032* | .034* |
| Follow-up duration | 12 | 53 | −0.0072 [−0.306, 0.162] | 0.042 [0.008, 0.077]* | 5.989 (1, 51) | .018* | .016 | .126*** |
| Type of outcome measurement | 7.498 (2, 85) | .001** | .021* | .099*** | ||||
| Self-report (RC) | 6 | 51 | 0.320 [0.094, 0.546]** | |||||
| Official record | 11 | 35 | −0.055 [−0.265, 0.154] | −0.376 [−0.573, −0.178]*** | ||||
| Parent report | 1 | 2 | 0.078 [−0.405, 0.562] | −0.242 [−0.683, 0.198] | ||||
| Type of outcome | 5.515 (3, 84) | .002** | .021* | .081*** | ||||
| Delinquency (RC) | 12 | 38 | −0.019 [−0.211, 0.172] | |||||
| Delinquency risk factors | 6 | 30 | 0.197 [−0.022, 0.415]† | 0.216 [0.024, 0.407]* | ||||
| Attitudes toward delinquency | 3 | 9 | 0.460 [0.191, 0.730]** | 0.479 [0.234, 0.724]*** | ||||
| Attitudes toward punishment | 3 | 11 | 0.328 [0.070, 0.586]* | 0.347 [0.115, 0.580]** | ||||
| Intervention characteristics | ||||||||
| Number of contact hours | 5 | 48 | 0.110 [−0.044, 0.264] | −0.001 [−0.014, 0.011] | 0.039 (1, 46) | .845 | .028* | .017 |
| Level of confrontation | 1.427 (2, 84) | .246 | .038*** | .031** | ||||
| Moderate (RC) | 4 | 45 | −0.002 [−0.200, 0.197] | |||||
| Low | 5 | 20 | 0.194 [−0.037, 0.425]† | 0.195 [−0.110, 0.500] | ||||
| High | 3 | 22 | 0.245 [−0.006, 0.495]† | 0.246 [−0.074, 0.566] | ||||
| Component rap session | 0.346 (1, 81) | .558 | .034** | .039** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 3 | 37 | 0.049 [−0.209, 0.308] | |||||
| Present | 7 | 46 | 0.142 [−0.035, 0.320] | 0.093 [−0.221, 0.407] | ||||
| Component confinement | 0.032 (1, 81) | .858 | .034** | .041** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 5 | 37 | 0.099 [−0.117, 0.315] | |||||
| Present | 5 | 46 | 0.126 [−0.080, 0.332] | 0.027 [−0.271, 0.325] | ||||
| Component facility tour | 0.030 (1, 81) | .862 | .034** | .041** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 3 | 31 | 0.132 [−0.129, 0.392] | |||||
| Present | 7 | 52 | 0.104 [−0.077, 0.285] | −0.028 [−0.345, 0.289] | ||||
| Component visitation | 0.176 (1, 81) | .676 | .034** | .041** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 6 | 46 | 0.077 [−0.149, 0.303] | |||||
| Present | 4 | 37 | 0.140 [−0.057, 0.338] | 0.063 [−0.237, 0.364] | ||||
| Component dialogue | 0.024 (1, 81) | .877 | .034** | .040** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 7 | 62 | 0.106 [−0.066, 0.278] | |||||
| Present | 3 | 21 | 0.133 [−0.159, 0.424] | 0.026 [−0.312, 0.365] | ||||
| Component parents involved | 0.076 (1, 81) | .783 | .037** | .033** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 9 | 68 | 0.117 [−0.029, 0.263] | |||||
| Present | 3 | 17 | 0.085 [−0.141, 0.311] | −0.032 [−0.262, 0.198] | ||||
| Component counseling | 0.004 (1, 81) | .952 | .035** | .035** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 10 | 74 | 0.111 [−0.030, 0.252] | |||||
| Present | 1 | 9 | 0.103 [−0.194, 0.400] | −0.008 [−0.287, 0.270] | ||||
| Component presentation | 1.298 (1, 81) | .258 | .034** | .032** | ||||
| Absent (RC) | 8 | 71 | 0.077 [−0.070, 0.225] | |||||
| Present | 2 | 12 | 0.297 [−0.057, 0.651]† | 0.220 [−0.164, 0.603] | ||||
| Intervention form | 1.128 (1, 86) | .291 | .042*** | .039** | ||||
| Only group sessions (RC) | 9 | 62 | 0.055 [−0.107, 0.217] | |||||
| Group and individual sessions | 4 | 26 | 0.223 [−0.048, 0.494] | 0.169 [−0.147, 0.484] | ||||
Note. # Studies = number of studies; # ES = number of effect sizes; mean d = mean effect size expressed in Cohen’s d; CI = confidence interval; β1 = estimated regression coefficient; df = degrees of freedom; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RC = randomized controlled.
a
Omnibus test of all regression coefficients in the model. bp value of the omnibus test.
†
p < .1. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.