Table 4.

Pharmacodynamic assessment of immune checkpoint therapies in the humanized mouse model

Drug name	Target	Mouse model	Tumor character	Assessment	Reference
Nivolumab	PD-1	BRG-SIRPα, engrafted with HSCs	TNBC, CRC	Inhibition of tumor growth curve; increased expression of IFN-γ+ and HLADR+ on hCD8+T cells	[103]
Pembrolizumab	PD-1	NSG, engrafted with HSCs	Dedifferentiated liposarcoma	Inhibition of tumor growth curve; increased number of hCD3+hCD8+, hCD8+IFNγ+ T cells and hCD56+Ki-67+ NK cells	[107]
Sintilimab	PD-1	NOG, engrafted with PBMCs	NCI-H292	Inhibition of tumor growth curve and tumor weight; upregulation of IL-2; increased number of hCD3+, hCD8+, hCD8+IFNγ+ T cells; an increase in hCD8+T/hTregs ratio	[108]
Atezolizumab	PD-L1	NSG, engrafted with HSCs	A375, A549, Caki-1, H1299, H1975, etc.	Inhibition of tumor growth curve; upregulation of hCD3+, hCD4+, and hCD8+ T cells; variable expression of PD-1 on T cells and PD-L1 on tumor cells and macrophages	[109]
Nivolumab Ipilimumab	PD-1 CTLA-4	NSG, engrafted with HSCs	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Inhibition of tumor growth curve; upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-6; increased expression of HLA-DR+ on hCD8+ T cells; a decrease in hCD4+/hCD8+ ratio	[110]