Table 1.
A comprehensive inventory of phytochemical screening of the 85 medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Jeddah including scientific name, family, voucher specimen number, common name(s), part(s) tested. (+) = Present/(−) = Absent.
| Scientific name (family, voucher specimen) | Common name | Part tested | Alkaloid | Glycosides | Flavonoid | Tannins | Saponin | Resin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae, AQJ_2) | Onion | Bulb | − | + | + | − | − | − |
| Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae, AQJ_1) | Garlic | Bulb | − | + | − | − | + | − |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Asphodelaceae, AQJ_3) | Aloe | Leaves | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Brassicaceae, AQJ_4) | Flower of Mariyam | All plant | + | + | − | + | + | − |
| Anethum graveolens L. (Apiaceae, AQJ_5) | Dill-weed | Leaves | − | + | − | + | + | − |
| Seed | − | + | + | − | − | − | ||
| Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae, AQJ_6) | Dong Quai | Stem | + | + | − | − | + | − |
| Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae, AQJ_7) | Wild Celery | Leaves | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Aucklandia costus Falc. (Asteraceae, AQJ_8) | Costus | Root | + | + | − | + | + | − |
| Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae, AQJ_9) | Neem | Leaves | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Beta vulgaris L. (Amaranthaceae, AQJ_10) | Beet | Root | + | + | + | + | − | − |
| Boswellia sacra Flückiger-Dupiron (Burseraceae, AQJ_11) | Frankincense | Resin | + | − | − | − | + | + |
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Theaceae, AQJ_12) | Tea | Leaves | − | + | + | + | − | − |
| Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae, AQJ_13) | Caraway | Seed | + | + | + | + | − | + |
| Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Amaranthaceae, AQJ_14) | Quinoa | Seed | + | − | + | − | + | + |
| Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl (Lauraceae, AQJ_15) | Cinnamon | Bark | + | − | + | + | − | − |
| Cinnamomum tamala (Buch-Ham.) Th. G. G. Nees (Lauraceae, AQJ_16) | Indian bay leaf | Leaves | + | + | − | + | + | − |
| Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae, AQJ_18) | Orange | Fruit | + | + | + | + | − | − |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil. (Rutaceae, AQJ_17) | Lemon | Fruit | − | + | + | + | − | − |
| Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae, AQJ_19) | Arabian Coffee Plant | Seed's peel | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Christ. (Burseraceae, AQJ_21) | Balsam of Gilead | Stem | + | − | − | + | + | − |
| Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (Burseraceae, AQJ_20) | Myrrha | Resin | − | − | − | + | + | + |
| Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae, AQJ_22) | Coriander | Leaves | − | + | − | + | + | − |
| Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae, AQJ_23) | Saffron crocus | Stigma in flower | + | + | − | − | − | − |
| Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae, AQJ_24) | Garden cucumber | Fruit | + | + | − | − | − | − |
| Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae, AQJ_25) | Cumin | Seed | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae, AQJ_26) | Turmeric | Rhizome | + | + | − | + | + | − |
| Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae, AQJ_27) | Carrot | Root | + | + | + | − | − | − |
| Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae, AQJ_28) | Cardamom | Fruit | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. (Brassicaceae, AQJ_29) | Salad rocket | Leaves | − | + | − | + | + | − |
| Ficus carica L. (Moraceae, AQJ_30) | Common fig | Fruit | + | + | − | + | − | − |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae, AQJ_31) | Fennel | Seed | + | + | + | − | + | − |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae, AQJ_32) | Licorice | Root | − | + | − | + | + | + |
| Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae, AQJ_33) | Common sunflower | Seed | − | + | + | − | − | + |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae, AQJ_34) | Roselle | Flowers | + | − | − | + | − | + |
| Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae, AQJ_35) | Barley | Seed | + | − | − | − | − | − |
| Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. (Arecaceae, AQJ_36) | Doom palm | Seed | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_37) | Lavender | Flowers | − | + | − | − | + | − |
| Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae, AQJ_38) | Henna | Leaves | − | + | − | + | − | + |
| Lepidium sativum L. (Brassicaceae, AQJ_39) | Garden cress | Seed | + | + | + | + | − | + |
| Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae, AQJ_40) | Flax | Seed | + | − | − | − | + | + |
| Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. (Cucurbitaceae, AQJ_41) | Sponge gourd | Fruit | + | + | + | − | + | − |
| Lupinus albus L. (Fabaceae, AQJ_42) | Lupin | Seed | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| Malus pumila Mill. (Rosaceae, AQJ_43) | Apple | Fruit | − | + | + | + | − | − |
| Matricaria aurea (L.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae, AQJ_44) | Golden Chamomile | Flowers | + | + | − | + | + | − |
| Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_45) | Mint | Leaves | + | + | + | + | − | − |
| Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae, AQJ_46) | Bitter melon | Fruit | + | + | − | − | + | − |
| Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae, AQJ_47) | Moringa | Leaves | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Morus nigra L. (Moraceae, AQJ_48) | Black Mulberry | Leaves | − | + | − | + | − | + |
| Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae, AQJ_49) | Nutmeg | Seed & Fruit | + | + | − | − | − | + |
| Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae, AQJ_50) | Myrtle | Leaves | − | + | − | + | + | − |
| Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae, AQJ_51) | Nigella | Seed | + | − | + | + | + | − |
| Ocimum americanum L. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_52) | Hoary basil | Leaves | + | + | − | + | − | − |
| Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_53) | Basil | Leaves | − | + | − | − | + | − |
| Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae, AQJ_54) | Olive | Leaves | − | − | − | + | + | + |
| Fruit | − | − | + | − | + | − | ||
| Origanum syriacum L. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_55) | Syrian oregano | Leaves | + | + | − | − | − | − |
| Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Araliaceae, AQJ_56) | Ginseng | Root | + | + | + | − | + | + |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Apiaceae, AQJ_57) | Parsley | Leaves | + | + | − | + | − | − |
| Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae, AQJ_58) | Date palm | Fruit | − | + | − | + | − | − |
| Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae, AQJ_59) | Anise | Seed | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae, AQJ_60) | Black Pepper | Seed | + | + | − | + | − | − |
| Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae, AQJ_61) | Mastic | Resin | + | + | − | + | + | + |
| Plectranthus aegyptiacus (Forssk.) C.Chr. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_62) | Silver spur flower | Leaves | − | + | − | − | − | − |
| Prunus mahaleb L. (Rosaceae, AQJ_63) | Mahaleb cherry | Seed | + | + | − | − | + | + |
| Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae, AQJ_64) | Guava | Leaves | − | − | − | + | − | + |
| Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae, AQJ_65) | Pomegranate | Peel | + | + | − | + | + | − |
| Rosa damascena P. Mill. (Rosaceae, AQJ_66) | Damask rose | Flowers | − | + | + | + | − | − |
| Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae, AQJ_67) | Arak | Stem | − | + | − | + | + | − |
| Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_68) | Garden sage | Leaves | + | + | − | + | − | − |
| Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_69) | Rosemary | Leaves | + | + | − | + | + | + |
| Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton (Fabaceae, AQJ_70) | Gum Arabic tree | Resin | − | + | − | − | + | + |
| Senna alexandrina Mill. (Fabaceae, AQJ_71) | Senna | Leaves | − | + | + | + | + | − |
| Senna italica Mill. (Fabaceae, AQJ_72) | Italian Senna | Fruit | − | + | − | + | + | − |
| Seriphidium herba-alba (Asso) J. Soják (Asteraceae, AQJ_73) | White Wormwood | Leaves | − | + | − | + | + | + |
| Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae, AQJ_74) | Sesame | Seed | + | − | + | − | − | − |
| Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (Myrtaceae, AQJ_75) | Cloves | Flower buds | + | − | + | + | − | + |
| Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae, AQJ_76) | Tamarind | Fruit | − | + | − | + | + | − |
| Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae, AQJ_77) | Common thyme | Leaves | − | + | − | − | + | − |
| Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae, AQJ_78) | Ajwain | Seed | + | + | + | + | − | − |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fabaceae, AQJ_79) | Fenugreek | Seed | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Tripleurospermum auriculatum (Boiss.) Rech. fil. (Asteraceae, AQJ_80) | Mayweed | Leaves | + | + | − | + | + | − |
| Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Fabaceae, AQJ_81) | Green Gram | Seed | + | + | − | − | + | − |
| Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. (Sapotaceae, AQJ_82) | Shea | Seed | + | + | + | − | − | + |
| Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae, AQJ_83) | Grape | Fruit | − | − | − | + | − | − |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae, AQJ_84) | Ginger | Root | − | + | + | + | + | − |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. (Rhamnaceae, AQJ_85) | Christ's thorn jujube | Leaves | + | − | − | + | + | − |
| Total of species | – | – | 48 | 70 | 30 | 58 | 44 | 26 |