Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showing associations of DR with independent variables.

Dependent variable	Diabetic retinopathy
Independent variables	Crude OR [95% CICI]	P-value	Adjusted OR [95% CI]	P-value
Insulin therapy (Yes/No)	7.87 [3.64–17.00]	<0.0001	3.82 [1.53–9.54]	<0.001
Hypertension (Yes/No)	3.60 [1.90–6.86]	<0.0001	2.67 [1.26–5.62]	<0.01
HbA1c (%) (>7%/≤7%)	2.88 [1.65–5.04]	<0.0001	2.50 [1.30–4.84]	<0.01
Combined treatment (OADs + Insulin) (Yes/No)	2.61 [1.40–4.90]	<0.01	–
Diabetes duration (Years)	1.17 [1.11–1.22]	<0.0001	1.13 [1.07–1.18]	<0.0001
Number of hours of sleep (≥6h/<6h)	0.56 [0.32–0.97]	<0.05	–
Types of diabetes (T2D/T1D)	0.24 [0.07–0.75]	<0.05	–
Use of OADs (Yes/No)	0.17 [0.10–0.30]	<0.05	–

CI: confidence interval; OADs: oral antidiabetic drugs; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; T1D: type 1 diabetes; T2D: type 2 diabetes; OR: Odds ratio.