Table 1.
Various honeybee diet formulations and their effects on colony attributes.
| Sr. No. | Reference (s) | Feedstuff | Placement | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Haydak (1933) | Dried yeast, Egg white, Egg yolk, Rye flour Skimmed milk powder, Whole egg, Whole milk | In empty comb cells | Lower adult mortality, brood rearing maximum in the case of dried yeast and lowest in egg white |
| 2. | Haydak (1936) | Commercial casein, Corn flour, Cottonseed meal, Fish meal, Meat scrap, Oat flour, Pea flour, Wheat flour | In empty comb cells | Brood development normal in all cases except fish meal, building activity normal in all diets except on fish meal and pea flour |
| 3. | Haydak (1937) | Cottonseed meal, Linseed meal, Peanut meal, Soybean flour Soybean flour |
In empty comb cells | Body development normal on all the materials, brood rearing normal on cottonseed meal, soybean flour and soybean meal |
| 4. | Haydak (1939) | Cottonseed meal Skimmed milk powder |
In empty comb cells | Satisfactory body development, consumption and brood rearing |
| 5. | Haydak (1945) | Soy flour + SMP Brewer yeast + SMP BY + SF + Dried egg yolk |
In empty comb cells | Enhanced brood rearing |
| 6. | Maurizio (1950) | Soy flour + SMP | Top bars | High mortality, reduced longevity |
| 7. | Haydak (1959) | Soy flour + Brewer’s yeast + Dried skimmed milk | Top bars | Enhanced brood rearing |
| 8. | Standifer et al. (1960) | I.N.A. | I.N.A. | Increased adult longevity |
| 12. | Wahl (1963) | Brewer yeast, Dried milk, Soy flour | I.N.A. | Soyflour resulted in higher brood rearing |
| 15. | Doull and Purdie (1966) | Krayeast + SMP (4:1) | Top bars | Satisfactory honey production |
| 16. | Forster (1966) | Krayeast + SMP Brewer’s yeast + Soy flour + SMP |
Outside the colony | Unsatisfactory brood rearing and honey production |
| 18. | Haydak (1967) | Soy flour + Brewer’s yeast + Dried skimmed | Top bars | Satisfactory results |
| 19. | Stroikov (1966) | Brewer’s yeast Dried whole milk |
I.N.A. | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 20. | Forster, 1968a, Forster, 1968b | Brewer’s yeast + soy flour + SMP | Top bars | Unsatisfactory results |
| 21. | Hagedom and Moeller (1968) | Soy flour Brewer’s yeast + Soy flour + SMP |
Top bars | Consumption satisfactory, Less brood rearing |
| 22. | Haydak (1968) | Linseed meal, Meat meal, Peanut flour, Protone | Top bars | Enhanced brood rearing |
| 23. | Sheeley and Poduska (1968) | Soy flour | Top bars | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 24. | Banby and Gorgui (1970) | Broadbean flour Roasted chickpea flour, Maize flour, Soy flour |
Top bars | Excelled brood rearing, body weight, longevity |
| 25. | Standifer et al. (1970) | Brewer’s yeast + Soy flour + SMP + Meat scrap | Top bars | Unsatisfactory brood rearing |
| 26. | Free and Williams (1971) | Baker’s yeast, Active yeast, Fodder yeast Medicinal yeast |
Top bars | Negligible consumption |
| 27. | Standifer et al. (1973a) | Brewer’s yeast Soy flour + Skimmed milk powder + Meat scrap |
Top bars | Unsatisfactory brood rearing |
| 28. | Standifer et al. (1973b) | Soy flour Soy flour + Wheast |
Top bars | Consumption satisfactory |
| 30. | Stranger and Laidlaw (1974) | Wheast | Top bars | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 31. | Barker and Lehner (1976) | Skimmed milk powder + Other ingredient | Top bars + liquid in feeder | Bee mortality |
| 32. | Peng and Jay (1976) | Brewer’s yeast + Soy flour + Skimmed milk | Top bars | Unsatisfactory brood rearing |
| 33. | Szymas (1976) | Casein, Soybean meal, Wheat gluten Yeast |
I.N.A. | Pronounced changes in midgut epithelium |
| 34. | Alexandru et al. (1977) | Brewer’s yeast + Soy flour + SMP | Top bars | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 35. | Barker (1977) | Soy flour | I.N.A. | Significant adult mortality |
| 36. | Doull (1977) | Torula yeast | Top bars | Unsatisfactory brood rearing, consumption also low due to hardness of patties |
| 37. | Standifer et al. (1977) | Brewer’s yeast, Soy flour, Wheast | Hive entrance and top bars | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 38. | Atallah and Naby (1979) | Brewer’s yeast Powdered milk Sugarcane yeast |
Top bars | Heavy adult mortality, normal brood rearing |
| 39. | Corner (1978) | Skimmed milk powder + Other ingredients | Top bar and liquid feeding | Adult mortality |
| 40. | Taber (1978) | Soy flour | I.N.A. | Adult mortality |
| 41. | Herbert and Shimanuki, 1979a, Herbert and Shimanuki, 1979b | Casein, Corn gluten, Cottonseed meal, Roasted oats Soybean meal, Wheast, Wheat germ flour |
Top bars | Higher level of protein toxic to bees, Supported brood rearing |
| 42. | Mishra et al. (1979) | Brewer’s yeast + Soy flour + Skimmed milk powder | Top bars | Satisfactory honey production |
| 43. | Chalmers (1980) | Brewer’s yeast, Fish meal, Potato flour, Skimmed milk powder | Top bar | Fish meal found suitable, all other diets shown poor results |
| 44. | Doull, 1980a, Doull, 1980b | Krayeast + Skimmed milk powder | Top bars | No effect on brood rearing but high honey production |
| 45. | Erickson and Herbert (1980) | Peanut cake Soybean nuggets |
Top bar | Unsatisfactory brood rearing and consumption |
| 46. | Hussein (1981a) | Potato powder Sweet potato powder |
Inside the hive | Satisfactory brood rearing and honey production |
| 47. | Herbert and Shimanuki (1983b) | Lactoalbumin torula yeast |
Top bar | Unsatisfactory brood rearing |
| 48. | Winston et al. (1983) | Brewer’s yeast + Fish meal | Top bar | Less brood mortality, lower longevity |
| 49. | Lehner (1983) | Soybean flour Torula yeast |
Top bar | Sustained brood rearing |
| 50. | Peng et al. (1984) | Torula Yeast | Top bar | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 51. | Shimanuki and Herbert (1986) | Lactalbumin Torula yeast |
Top bar | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 52. | Chhuneja et al. (1992) | Brewer’s Yeast + Dehusked parched gram + Skimmed milk powder + Sugar | Top bar | Satisfactory brood rearing |
| 53. | Abbas et al. (1995) | Black gram + Skimmed milk | Top bar | Increased number of bee frames and honey |
| 54. | Srivastava (1996) | Caesin + Sucrose + cholesterol + Salt mixture + Tocopherol + Alphecel + Vitamin | Top bar | Positive effects on colony development |
| 55. | Sabir et al. (2000) | Maize flour + Methionine + Vitamin B-complex | Top bar | Increased brood area and honey stores, number of bee frames, |
| 56. | Saffari et al. (2004) | Feed bee | Top bar | Increased brood rearing, honey stores and bee strength |
| 57. | Lakra (2006) | Soy flour + Honey + Yeast extract + Multivitamin | Top bars | Satisfactory honey production |
| 58. | Gloria-DeGrandi-Hoffman et al. (2010) | I.N.A. | Top bar | Developed hypopharangeal gland |
| 59. | Sihag and Gupta (2011) | Soybean + Mungbean + Chick pea + Pigeon pea | Frame feeding | Increased bee strength, honey production |
| 60. | Kumar et al. (2013) | Defatted soy flour + Brewer’s yeast + Soy protein hydrolysate | Top bar | Satisfactory brood rearing, increased bee strength |
| 61. | Pande and Karnatak (2014) | Germinated pea flour + Brewer’s yeast + Skimmed milk powder + Honey | Top bar | Increased brood area, honey stores, pollen stores |
| 62. | Pande et al. (2015) | Banana syrup | Division board feeder | Increased brood area, honey stores, pollen stores, foraging activity |
| 63. | Haleem et al. (2015) | Yeast powder + Sugar syrup | Top bar | Highest queen cell production |
| 64 | Abd El-Wahab et al. (2016) | Brewer’s yeast + bee honey + turmeric + powdered sugar + fenugreek powder + vitamins + orange juice + mint oil + sugar | Top bar | Satisfactory consumption, Honey production |
| 65 | Aqueel et al. (2017) | Yeast + Royal jelly | In artificial queen cell cups | Better growth of queen larvae |
| 66. | Puškadija et al. (2017b) | Defatted soy flour + Brewer’s yeast + Enzyme inverted syrup | I.N.A. | Enhanced weight of the bee colonies, number of bee, number of brood cells |
| 67. | Stevanovic et al. (2018) | Agaricus brasilensis extract + sugar syrup + honey | Artificial rearing cup | Satisfactory brood rearing, adult population |
| 68. | Wijayati et al. (2019) | Roasted winged bean seeds | I.N.A. | Satisfactory consumption |
| 70. | Kumari and Kumar (2020) | Defatted Soy Flour + Parched Gram + Brewer Yeast + Protein Hydrolysate Powder | Top bar | Highly Palatable |
INA: Information not available.