. 2021 Jan 1;34(1):72–81. doi: 10.3344/kjp.2021.34.1.72

Table 4.

The correlations between SAS scores and participants’ characteristics, smartphone usage, and musculoskeletal pain prevalence of the body parts

Characteristic	SAS score

	r or r_bp	P value
Age	0.046	0.932^a
Sex	0.041	0.529^b
Duration of smartphone use on a typical day	0.681	0.001^a
Duration of owning smartphone	0.301	0.027^a
Neck	0.457	0.001^b
Shoulder	0.145	0.025^b
Elbow	0.108	0.104^b
Wrists/hands	0.504	0.001^b
Upper back	0.148	0.023^b
Lower back	0.107	0.099^b

SAS: Smartphone Addiction Scale.

^aPearson’s correlation coefficient test was used. r = correlation coefficient. ^bPoint-biserial correlation test was used. r_bp = point-biserial correlation coefficient.