Table 5.
Predictors of musculoskeletal pain in body parts
| Predictor | Neck | Upper back | Lower back | Shoulder | Elbow | Wrists/hands | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female (Reference) | 1.78 (0.98-3.23) |
0.041* | 2.83 (1.54-5.19) |
0.001*** | 1.50 (0.81-2.75) |
0.187 | 2.59 (1.43-4.70) |
0.002** | 0.78 (0.39-1.56) |
0.481 | 2.15 (1.15-3.90) |
0.010** |
| Duration of smartphone use on a typical day (hr) | ||||||||||||
| 1-2 (Reference) | ||||||||||||
| 3-4 | 1.07 (0.38-2.98) |
0.893 | 1.46 (0.49-4.33) |
0.495 | 2.01 (0.69-5.91) |
0.203 | 1.34 (0.48-3.70) |
0.573 | 0.98 (0.30-3.17) |
0.982 | 1.28 (0.65-4.90) |
0.261 |
| 5-6 | 0.91 (0.38-2.19) |
0.845 | 1.14 (0.44-2.94) |
0.785 | 1.25 (0.49-3.23) |
0.634 | 1.19 (0.49-2.83) |
0.692 | 1.07 (0.40-2.86) |
0.886 | 1.09 (0.88-3.94) |
0.547 |
| > 6 | 1.68 (0.46-4.10) |
0.031* | 1.07 (0.32-3.62) |
0.903 | 2.71 (0.87-8.40) |
0.082 | 2.12 (0.68-5.88) |
0.020* | 0.89 (0.26-2.97) |
0.851 | 2.55 (0.53-7.51) |
0.010** |
| Duration of owning smartphone (yr) | ||||||||||||
| 1-3 (Reference) | ||||||||||||
| 4-6 | 0.67 (0.15-2.91) |
0.593 | 1.62 (0.89-4.49) |
0.783 | 1.84 (0.87-6.87) |
0.277 | 0.87 (0.22-3.42) |
0.841 | 0.36 (0.08-1.55) |
0.172 | 1.68 (0.88-4.79) |
0.561 |
| 7-9 | 0.80 (0.98-3.23) |
0.584 | 1.20 (0.52-2.78) |
0.664 | 0.44 (0.19-1.02) |
0.061 | 0.52 (0.23-1.13) |
0.102 | 1.01 (0.38-2.65) |
0.976 | 1.31 (0.61-2.81) |
0.487 |
| > 9 | 3.94 (0.98-8.23) |
0.001*** | 1.25 (0.52-2.78) |
0.513 | 0.81 (0.43-1.51) |
0.522 | 0.70 (0.38-1.30) |
0.264 | 0.90 (0.43-1.90) |
0.794 | 5.55 (0.84-12.85) |
0.001*** |
| SAS score | 1.08 (0.98-1.10) |
0.002** | 1.10 (0.98-1.11) |
0.033* | 0.96 (0.89-1.02) |
0.101 | 0.98 (0.96-1.01) |
0.743 | 0.99 (0.93-1.03) |
0.102 | 1.07 (0.97-1.09) |
0.001*** |
OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence intervals, SAS: Smartphone Addiction Scale.
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.