Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by preoperative glucose level in patients undergoing appendectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy
| Appendectomy (n = 4,025) | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 4,266) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose <106 (n = 1,320) | Glucose 106 to <123 (n = 1,291) | Glucose ≥123 (n = 1,414) | P value | Glucose <102 (n = 1,360) | Glucose 102 to <128 (n = 1,425) | Glucose ≥128 (n = 1,481) | P value* | |
| Age (years) | 30.8 (24.6, 40.6) | 36.7 (27.4, 47.8) | 48.5 (35.5, 60.8) | <0.001 | 44.7 (35.3, 57.3) | 52.3 (40.7, 63.3) | 61.6 (50.7, 71.2) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥65 | 62 (4.70) | 88 (6.82) | 258 (18.25) | <0.001 | 194 (14.26) | 322 (22.60) | 598 (40.38) | <0.001 |
| Female | 728 (55.15) | 598 (46.32) | 630 (44.55) | <0.001 | 819 (60.22) | 760 (53.33) | 689 (46.52) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Diagnosed diabetes | 23 (1.74) | 21 (1.63) | 196 (13.86) | 102 (7.50) | 174 (12.21) | 613 (41.39) | ||
| Undiagnosed diabetes | 25 (1.89) | 59 (4.57) | 80 (5.66) | 149 (10.96) | 241 (16.91) | 234 (15.80) | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 969 (68.53) | 0 (0.00) | 53 (3.72) | 633 (42.74) | ||
| Hypertension | 22 (1.67) | 19 (1.47) | 88 (6.22) | <0.001 | 99 (7.28) | 127 (8.91) | 271 (18.30) | <0.001 |
| CVD | 41 (3.11) | 39 (3.02) | 132 (9.34) | <0.001 | 96 (7.06) | 128 (8.98) | 237 (16.00) | <0.001 |
| ASA score | 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 2.00) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.00, 2.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 2.00) | 2.00 (2.00, 3.00) | <0.001 |
| ASA score ≥3 | 61 (5.42) | 69 (6.43) | 160 (13.27) | <0.001 | 128 (10.72) | 171 (13.34) | 358 (26.84) | <0.001 |
| Operation duration (min) | 50.0 (39.5, 66.0) | 54.0 (40.0, 70.0) | 57.0 (45.0, 75.0) | <0.001 | 80.0 (62.0, 105.0) | 85.0 (64.0, 113.0) | 90.0 (69.0, 117.0) | <0.001 |
| >75th percentile† | 262 (19.85) | 308 (23.86) | 415 (29.35) | <0.001 | 273 (20.07) | 360 (25.26) | 429 (28.97) | <0.001 |
| EBL (mL) | 20.0 (20.0, 20.0) | 20.0 (20.0, 20.0) | 20.0 (20.0, 20.0) | 0.381 | 20.0 (20.0, 20.0) | 20.0 (20.0, 20.0) | 20.0 (20.0, 50.0) | <0.001 |
| Wound class | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Clean | 51 (4.66) | 45 (4.33) | 33 (2.80) | 251 (21.34) | 194 (15.43) | 105 (8.00) | ||
| Clean contaminated | 826 (75.43) | 759 (73.05) | 746 (63.33) | 846 (71.94) | 889 (70.72) | 956 (72.87) | ||
| Contaminated | 191 (17.44) | 200 (19.25) | 309 (26.23) | 77 (6.55) | 172 (13.68) | 246 (18.75) | ||
| Dirty | 27 (2.47) | 33 (3.18) | 90 (7.64) | 2 (0.17) | 1 (0.08) | 5 (0.38) | ||
| Emergent | 1,015 (89.66) | 990 (91.58) | 1,131 (93.09) | 0.012 | 160 (13.36) | 388 (30.15) | 570 (42.54) | <0.001 |
| Drain | 213 (16.14) | 255 (19.75) | 436 (30.83) | <0.001 | 419 (30.81) | 628 (44.07) | 846 (57.12) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 98 (93, 102) | 113 (109, 117) | 139 (129, 158) | <0.001 | 92 (86, 97) | 113 (107, 119) | 152 (138, 182) | <0.001 |
| WBC (×103/µL) | 12.4 (9.8, 14.9) | 13.8 (11.4, 16.4) | 14.2 (11.2, 17.1) | <0.001 | 6.8 (5.7, 8.5) | 7.9 (6.2, 10.7) | 9.5 (6.9, 14.0) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil segment (%) | 77.5 (71.0, 83.3) | 82.2 (76.7, 87.1) | 85.2 (79.9, 89.2) | <0.001 | 60.6 (53.4, 67.9) | 67.2 (58.1, 78.4) | 76.2 (63.2, 85.5) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 15.0 (10.4, 20.6) | 11.4 (7.4, 16.1) | 9.2 (6.2, 13.6) | <0.001 | 29.8 (23.2, 35.9) | 23.9 (13.8, 31.8) | 16.7 (8.4, 27.9) | <0.001 |
| NLR | 5.3 (3.5, 8.2) | 7.6 (5.0, 12.4) | 9.8 (6.3, 15.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.5, 2.9) | 2.9 (1.9, 6.2) | 5.1 (2.4, 10.9) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 1.9 (0.4, 5.5) | 1.9 (0.4, 5.6) | 3.2 (0.7, 10.5) | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.3, 4.7) | 1.9 (0.4, 10.3) | 4.5 (0.6, 15.8) | <0.001 |
| Temperature (°C) | 37.0 (36.5, 37.4) | 37.1 (36.5, 37.7) | 37.4 (36.7, 38.2) | <0.001 | 36.7 (36.4, 37.0) | 36.9 (36.5, 37.4) | 37.1 (36.6, 37.8) | <0.001 |
| Temperature ≥38°C | 135 (10.59) | 228 (18.31) | 423 (30.88) | <0.001 | 24 (3.33) | 112 (11.45) | 265 (22.86) | <0.001 |
| Pulse (bpm) | 89.0 (79.0, 100.0) | 91.0 (80.0, 104.0) | 95.0 (83.0, 109.0) | <0.001 | 80.0 (71.0, 88.0) | 83.0 (73.0, 96.0) | 90.0 (79.0, 102.0) | <0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||||||
| Postoperative antibiotic use‡ | 340 (25.8) | 382 (29.6) | 569 (40.2) | <0.001 | 89 (6.54) | 218 (15.3) | 349 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| LOS (days) | 2.04 (1.64, 2.89) | 2.14 (1.66, 3.05) | 2.53 (1.77, 4.17) | <0.001 | 2.83 (1.99, 3.18) | 2.88 (2.05, 3.82) | 3.11 (2.37, 4.56) | <0.001 |
| LOS >3 days | 296 (22.42) | 334 (25.87) | 580 (41.02) | <0.001 | 437 (32.13) | 575 (40.35) | 823 (55.57) | <0.001 |
| LOS >7 days | 33 (2.50) | 55 (4.26) | 113 (7.99) | <0.001 | 28 (2.06) | 55 (3.86) | 145 (9.79) | <0.001 |
| Readmission in 30 days | 35 (2.65) | 45 (3.49) | 58 (4.10) | 0.113 | 32 (2.35) | 47 (3.30) | 70 (4.73) | 0.002 |
| Reemergency in 30 days | 107 (8.11) | 98 (7.59) | 99 (7.00) | 0.550 | 72 (5.29) | 94 (6.60) | 113 (7.63) | 0.042 |
Continuous data are presented as the median (interquartile range) and categorical data as n (%). EBL, estimated blood loss.
*
P values were calculated using a Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
†
The 75th percentile of operation duration was 70 min for appendectomy and 111 min for cholecystectomy.
‡
Postoperative antibiotic use 24 h after surgical procedures until discharge.