Table 1:

Pharmacists’ Patient Care Service Term’s Early and Contemporary Definitions

Term	Early Definition				Contemporary Definition
	Year	Reference Type	Definition	Reference	Year	Reference Type	Definition	Reference
Clinical Pharmacy	1969	Professional	A concept or philosophy emphasizing the safe and appropriate use of drugs in patients.	Francke GN. Evolvement of clinical pharmacy.31	2008	Professional	The area of pharmacy concerned with the science and practice of rational medication use.	American College of Clinical Pharmacy. The definition of clinical pharmacy.32
Pharmaceutical Care	1990	Professional	The responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.	Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care5	2018	Professional	A patient-centered, outcomes oriented pharmacy practice that requires the pharmacist to work in concert with the patient and the patient’s other healthcare providers to promote health, to prevent disease, and to assess, monitor, initiate, and modify medication use to assure that drug therapy regimens are safe and effective.	American Pharmacist Association. Principles of practice for pharmaceutical care.33
Patient Counseling	1990	Regulatory	A mandated service that at minimum includes counseling of: drug name, use and expected action, administration, side-effects, self-monitoring, storage, interactions, refill information, and actions taken in the event of a missed dose.	The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990.10	1997	Professional	A responsibility of the pharmacy profession for providing patient education and counseling in the context of pharmaceutical care to improve patient adherence and reduce medication-related problems.	American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists. Guidelines on pharmacist-conducted patient education and counseling.11
Drug Utilization Review (aka, Prospective Drug Review)	1991	Regulatory	A review of patients’ prescription and medication data before, during and after dispensing to assure that prescriptions (i) are appropriate, (ii) are medically necessary, and (iii) are not likely to result in adverse outcomes; DUR was originally required by CMS for each State’s Medicaid program.	USSocial Security Act. In. Title XIX. Grants to States for Medical Assistance Programs.34	2009	Professional	An authorized, structured, ongoing review of prescribing, dispensing and use of medication….[that] involves a comprehensive review of patients’ prescription and medication data before, during and after dispensing to ensure appropriate medication decision-making and positive patient outcomes.	Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Drug utilization review. 35
Pharmacogeno mics/genetics*	1992	Professional	To appreciate the clinical significance of polymorphic drug metabolism and provide a basis for the application of this knowledge to a variety of practice settings.	Straka RJ, Marshall PS. The clinical significance of the pharmacogenetics of cardiovascular medications.36	2011	Professional	The use of genetic information to predict an individual’s response to a drug.	Reiss SM. Integrating pharmacogenomics into pharmacy practice via medication therapy management.37
Medication Management	1993	Professional	Pharmacist interventions designed to assist people in managing their medication regimens.	Tett SE, Higgins GM, Armour CL. Impact of pharmacist interventions on medication management by the elderly: a review of the literature.38	2018	Professional	A spectrum of patient-centered, pharmacist provided, collaborative services that focus on medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and adherence with the goal of improving health outcomes. This encompass a variety of terms, such as Medication Therapy Management (MTM), Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM), Collaborative Medication Management, etc.	Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. Medication management services (MMS) definition and key points.39
Collaborative Drug Therapy Management	1995	Professional	Legislative and regulatory provisions that allow for prescribing and related activities by the pharmacist as a component of pharmaceutical care.	Zellmer WA. Collaborative drug therapy management.20	2012	Professional	A formal partnership between a pharmacist and physician or group of pharmacists and physicians to allow the pharmacist(s) to manage a patient’s drug therapy.	Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Practice advisory on collaborative drug therapy management.40
Transitions of Care (aka, Care Transitions, Care Continuum)	1996	Professional	To develop a clinical pathway indicating a predictable course of care.	Goldenberg RI, Bell SH, Wright J, et al. HIV continuum of care: challenges in management.41	2012	Regulatory	The movement of patients between health care practitioners, settings, and home as their condition and care needs change.	The Joint Commission. Transitions of care: the need for a more effective approach to continuing patient care.42
Medication Therapy Management	2003	Regulatory	A program…with respect to targeted beneficiaries…to improve medication use, reduce the risk of adverse events, and improve medication adherence.	H.R.1; Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003. (Public Law 108–173).43	2008	Professional	Services that are dependent on pharmacists working collaboratively with physicians and other healthcare professionals to optimize medication use in accordance with evidence-based guidelines and include medication therapy review (MTR), a personal medication record (PMR), a medication-related action plan (MAP), intervention and referral, and documentation and follow-up.	Medication therapy management in pharmacy practice: core elements of an MTM service model (version 2.0).44
Medication Reconciliation	2006	Regulatory	The process of comparing a patient’s medication orders to all of the medications that the patient has been taking…to avoid medication errors such as omissions, duplications, dosing errors, or drug interactions.	The Joint Commission. Sentinel event alert.45	2010	Regulatory	The process of identifying the most accurate list of all medications that the patient is taking, including name, dosage, frequency, and route, by comparing the medical record to an external list of medications obtained from a patient, hospital, or other provider.	US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid. EHR Incentive program. Eligible professional meaningful use menu set measures. measure 7 of 10; stage 1.46
Comprehensive Medication Review	2010	Regulatory	An annual, real-time, interactive, person-to-person, or telehealth consultation performed for a patient or caregiver by a pharmacist or other qualified provider that includes: collecting patient-specific information, assessing medications to identify medication-related problems, developing a prioritized list of medication-related problems, and creating a plan to resolve them, and has a written summary in the Center for Medicare and Medicaid’s standardized format.	US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. CY 2018 medication therapy management program guidance and submission instructions.47	2017	Professional	The pharmacist looking at the patient as a whole by reviewing the patient’s medication list, medication allergies, immunization status, and any other clinical need for the patient	Pagano GM, Groves BK, Kuhn CH, Porter K, Mehta BH. A structured patient identification model for medication therapy management services in a community pharmacy.48
Targeted Medication Review	2010	Regulatory	A service Medicare Part D sponsors are required provide to all beneficiaries enrolled in the sponsor’s MTM program that includes quarterly medication reviews and follow-up interventions as necessary.	US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. CY 2018 medication therapy management program guidance and submission instructions.47	2017	Professional	When the pharmacist focuses on one area of the patient’s health care, for example, when a pharmacist counsels a patient with diabetes on the importance of being on statin therapy and then contacts their doctor to initiate a targeted medication review for them.	Pagano GM, Groves BK, Kuhn CH, Porter K, Mehta BH. A structured patient identification model for medication therapy management services in a community pharmacy.48
Compressive Medication Management	2012	Professional	A standard of care that ensures each patient’s medications are individually assessed to determine that each medication is appropriate, effective, safe, and able to be taken by the patient as intended….[that] includes an individualized care plan that achieves the intended goals of therapy with appropriate follow-up to determine actual patient outcomes. This all occurs because the patient understands, agrees with, and actively participates in the treatment regimen, thus optimizing each patient’s medication experience and clinical outcomes.	Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative. The patient centered medical home: integrating comprehensive medication management to optimize patient outcomes resource guide.49	2016	Professional	The standard of care that ensures each patient’s medications (i.e., prescription, nonprescription, alternative, traditional, vitamins, or nutritional supplements) are individually assessed to determine that each medication is appropriate for the patient, effective for the medical condition, safe given the comorbidities and other medications being taken, and able to be taken by the patient as intended.	American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Comprehensive medication management in team-based care.50
Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process	2014	Professional	A patient-centered approach in collaboration with other providers to optimize patient health and medication outcomes that includes: Collection of the necessary information; Assessment of the information collected to identify and prioritize problems; Development of an individualized patient-centered care plan; Implementation of the care plan; and Follow-up to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the care plan.	Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. The pharmacists’ patient care process.17	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Chronic Care Management	2016	Regulatory	A service under the United States’ Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Medicare Physician Fee Schedule consisting of at least 20 min clinical staff time directed by MD or other qualified healthcare professional per month furnished to Medicare patients meeting multiple chronic condition criteria.	United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Learning Network. Chronic care management services.51	2018	Professional	A fee-for-service program intended to encourage ambulatory care practices to utilize value-based care delivery and to compensate for coordinated healthcare provided outside of a patient visit.	Fixen DR, Linnebur SA, Parnes BL, Vejar MV, Vande Griend JP. Development and economic evaluation of a pharmacist-provided chronic care management service in an ambulatory care geriatrics clinic.52