TABLE 2.

mHealth Features and Behavior Change Communication Intervention Components Used in Studies Reviewed to Assess Effectiveness of Interventions on Contraceptive Uptake, N=8

Authors	Communication Pathway		Family Planning Information Delivery			Additional Intervention Components					Theory Framework Used	Frequency and Duration	Evidence of Effect (Improved Contraceptive Use)
	Unidirectional	Interactive	“Push” via Telephone	“Push” via Messaging	“Pull” via Messaging	Motivational Message	Tailored Information	Partner Involvement	Searching for Nearest Service Provider	Role Model Stories
Johnson et al. 18	✓				✓				✓	✓		Once	No a
Maslowsky et al. 19	✓	✓	✓				✓					Once	No b
McCarthy et al. 20	✓			✓		✓	✓				✓	0–3 messages per day for 4 months	No c
McCarthy et al. 21	✓			✓		✓	✓				✓	0–3 messages per day for 4 months	No d
Smith et al. 22	✓	✓	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓			2 times per month for 3 months	Yes e
Unger et al. 23	✓	✓		✓		✓	✓					Weekly	Yes f
Biswas et al. 24	✓			✓			✓*					Method-specific reminders (daily/weekly)	No g, h
Harrington et al. 25	✓	✓		✓			✓	✓			✓	Weekly	Yes i

^aApplication was installed, and consumer received surveys for outcome measurement but had to search app for intervention materials. Recipients of full app showed increased knowledge over recipients of the limited app but no difference in contraceptive use.

^bParticipants received 1 phone-based educational session and were invited to call back for more education and counseling, but only 3 did. Intervention participants reported higher rates of breastfeeding and use of implants, but no differences were seen in overall contraceptive use.

^cNo statistically significant difference in contraceptive use and acceptability between intervention and control. Serious contamination occurred, and both the intervention and control participants received intervention messages.

^dNo statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the use of effective contraception at 4 months. Intervention participants were more likely to find at least 1 method of effective contraception acceptable and had a higher mean knowledge score.

^eParticipants received 6 automated, interactive voice messages with counselor phone support, if they opted, and outcome was measured at 4 months and 12 months postabortion. Intervention group showed higher contraceptive use than the control group at both 4 months and 12 months, but the difference was only significant at 4 months.

^fBoth unidirectional and interactive short message service (SMS) interventions improved early postpartum contraceptive use over the control condition.

^gSimple SMS reminder intervention did not improve contraceptive use at 4 months postabortion.

^hMethod-specific text message reminders to use method selected by participants, in their preferred language for the messages, including Bangla (Unicode), English, or phonetic Bangla in English fonts.

ⁱThe primary outcome of highly effective contractive (with less than 10% of failure rate) use at 6 months postpartum was significantly higher among women in the 2-way SMS group (69.9%) than in the control group (57.4%). Automated SMS text contained health education message and ended with actionable advice or a question to promote engagement.