Table 3.
PHQ score and severity of depression among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| Variable | None to Minimal | Mild | Moderate to Moderately Severe | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 153 (87.9) | 12 (6.9) | 9 (5.2) | 0.008* |
| Female |
233 (77.2) |
48 (15.9) |
21 (6.9) |
|
| Marital Status | ||||
| Never married | 54 (74.0) | 11 (15.0) | 8 (11.0) | 0.142 |
| Married | 298 (83.2) | 40 (11.2) | 20 (5.6) | |
| Widowed |
34 (75.6) |
9 (20.0) |
2 (4.4) |
|
| Educational Status | ||||
| Elementary | 27 (96.4) | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.072 |
| High School | 70 (76.9) | 13 (14.3) | 8 (8.8) | |
| College/Vocational | 271 (82.4) | 39 (11.9) | 19 (5.8) | |
| Post graduate |
18 (64.3) |
7 (25.0) |
3 (10.7) |
|
| Employment | ||||
| Not employed | 217 (83.8) | 29 (11.2) | 13 (5.0) | 0.236 |
| Employed |
169 (77.9) |
31 (14.3) |
17 (7.8) |
|
| BMI category | ||||
| Underweight | 76 (85.4) | 5 (5.6) | 8 (9.0) | 0.012* |
| Normal | 7 (58.3) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (25.0) | |
| Overweight | 69 (75.8) | 15 (16.5) | 7 (7.7) | |
| Obese |
234 (82.4) |
38 (13.4) |
12 (4.2) |
|
| Duration of Diabetes | ||||
| <1 year | 27 (73.0) | 7 (18.9) | 3 (8.1) | 0.509 |
| 1-5 years | 122 (78.7) | 23 (14.8) | 10 (6.4) | |
| 6-10 years | 92 (86.8) | 10 (9.4) | 4 (3.8) | |
| >10 years |
144 (81.4) |
20 (11.3) |
13 (7.3) |
|
| DM control | ||||
| Controlled | 203 (85.3) | 21 (8.8) | 14 (5.9) | 0.035* |
| Uncontrolled |
142 (75.9) |
31 (16.6) |
14 (7.5) |
|
| Complications | ||||
| Retinopathy | 103 (75.2) | 25 (18.2) | 9 (6.6) | 0.058 |
| Nephropathy | 98 (77.2) | 23 (18.1) | 6 (4.7) | 0.075 |
| Neuropathy | 156 (77.2) | 35 (17.3) | 11 (5.5) | 0.026* |
| Stroke | 34 (80.9) | 7 (16.7) | 1 (2.4) | 0.433 |
| CAD | 43 (87.8) | 5 (10.2) | 1 (2.0) | 0.447 |
| PAOD |
24 (82.8) |
3 (10.3) |
2 (6.9) |
1.000 |
| Number of Medications | ||||
| 0 | 16 (88.9) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.678 |
| 1-2 | 246 (81.2) | 35 (11.5) | 22 (7.3) | |
| 3 or more |
124 (80.0) |
23 (14.8) |
8 (52) |
|
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 248 (83.8) | 34 (11.5) | 14 (4.7) | 0.103 |
| Dyslipidemia | 208 (84.2) | 23 (9.3) | 16 (6.5) | 0.073 |
| Hyperuricemia | 18 (94.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0.245 |
| Hypothyroidism |
16 (80.0) |
2 (10.0) |
2 (10.0) |
0.673 |
| Morisky Medication Adherence | ||||
| Low | 102 (66.7) | 35 (22.9) | 16 (10.5) | 0.000* |
| Medium | 123 (84.8) | 14 (9.7) | 8 (5.5) | |
| High | 161 (90.4) | 11 (6.2) | 6 (3.4) |
BMI, Body Mass Index; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; PAOD, Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
*
Significant at 0.05 level