Table 4.
Univariate logistic regression analysis on the association of socioeconomic status and clinical factors with depression among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| Variable | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean±SD) |
0.964 |
0.944 - 0.984 |
0.001* |
| Gender | |||
| Male | Ref | ||
| Female |
2.102 |
1.179-3.749 |
0.012* |
| Marital Status | |||
| Never married | Ref | ||
| Married | 0.538 | 0.286-1.015 | 0.055 |
| Widowed |
1.018 |
0.416-2.491 |
0.969 |
| Educational Status | |||
| Elementary | Ref | ||
| High School | 2.657 | 0.847-52.312 | 0.071 |
| College/Vocational | 4.278 | 0.567-32.267 | 0.159 |
| Post graduate |
12.789 |
1.493-109.544 |
0.020* |
| Employment | |||
| Not employed | Ref | ||
| Employed |
1.273 |
0.773-2.097 |
0.343 |
| BMI |
0.952 |
0.900-1.007 |
0.090 |
| BMI category | |||
| Normal | Ref | ||
| Underweight | 4.583 | 1.250-16.799 | 0.022* |
| Overweight | 1.925 | 0.883-4.120 | 0.100 |
| Obese |
0.902 |
0.446-1.823 |
0.774 |
| Duration of Diabetes | |||
| <1 year | Ref | ||
| 1-5 years | 0.423 | 0.179-0.999 | 0.050* |
| 6-10 years | 0.345 | 0.134-0.884 | 0.027* |
| >10 years |
0.551 |
0.241-1.257 |
0.157 |
| HbA1c (Mean±SD) |
1.269 |
1.093-1.372 |
0.002* |
| DM control | |||
| Controlled | Ref | ||
| Uncontrolled |
1.928 |
1.125-3.303 |
0.017* |
| Complications | |||
| Retinopathy | 1.800 | 1.027-3.022 | 0.026* |
| Nephropathy | 1.131 | 0.651-1.967 | 0.661 |
| Neuropathy | 1.582 | 0.959-2.610 | 0.072 |
| Stroke | 0.557 | 0.192-1.610 | 0.280 |
| CAD | 0.333 | 0.101-1.099 | 0.071 |
| PAOD |
0.876 |
0.296-2.597 |
0.812 |
| Number of Medications |
1.119 |
0.900-1.392 |
0.309 |
| Medications | |||
| Insulin | 1.363 | 0.810-2.294 | 0.244 |
| Biguanides | 0.849 | 0.491-1.466 | 0.556 |
| Sulfonylureas | 1.021 | 0.578-1.804 | 0.942 |
| DPP-IV inhibitors | 0.979 | 0.584-1.641 | 0.937 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 1.471 | 0.853-2.535 | 0.165 |
| TZD |
1.209 |
0.561-2.604 |
0.628 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 0.535 | 0.324-0.884 | 0.015* |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.675 | 0.409-1.116 | 0.125 |
| Hyperuricemia | 0.297 | 0.039-2.260 | 0.241 |
| Hypothyroidism |
1.402 |
0.455-4.320 |
0.556 |
| Morisky Medication Adherence | |||
| Low | Ref | ||
| Medium | 0.426 | 0.233-0.778 | 0.005* |
| High |
0.241 |
0.125-0.464 |
0.000* |
| Morisky Medication Adherence | 1.418 | 1.245-1.614 | <0.001* |
| Score |
BMI, Body Mass Index; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; PAOD, Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
*
Significant at 0.05 level