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. 2021 Jan 4;13:5. doi: 10.1186/s13195-020-00740-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Difference in standardized cognitive tests of memory (a), reasoning (b), semantic (c), and phonemic fluency (d) in APOE ε4 heterozygotes and homozygotes compared to non-ε4 carriers. Analysis are undertaken using joint models, using age as time scale (age, age², and age³), and adjusted for sex, marital status, education level, occupation, and their interactions with time. Gray-shaded intervals represent 95% confidence intervals of the estimates